Long-Term Debt Gaap V Ifrs Free Essays

Long-Term Debt U. S. GAAP vs. We will write a custom essay sample on Long-Term Debt Gaap V Ifrs or any similar topic only for you Order Now IFRS Scott Bailey Acc 311 Debruine Every company in the world must raise funds in order to finance its operations and expansion. The most common form of this funding is through the use of long-term debt. Depending on where the company does business and who uses their financial statements, there are different ways of recording this debt through the use of United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (U. S. GAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The main differences between the two accounting standards, with regards to long-term debt recognition, deal with debt issue costs and convertible bonds. Debt issue costs are the payments associated with issuing debt, such as various fees and commissions to third parties. According to U. S. GAAP these payments generate future benefits that under ASC 835-30-45-3 are recorded on the balance sheet as deferred charges. These charges are capitalized, reflected in the balance sheet as an asset, and amortized over the life of the debt instrument. Early debt repayment results in expensing these costs. Under IFRS costs are deducted from the carrying value of the financial liability and are not recorded as separate assets. Rather, they are accounted for as a debt discount and amortized using the effective interest method. (IAS 39, par 43) The debate between which set of standards correctly portrays the financial implications of these costs is centered on the idea of matching expenses and revenue. Those for U. S. GAAP argue that the deferred costs create an asset to which we can then match the revenue with the expenses over the useful life of the debt. This is in compliance with the matching principle of the conceptual framework for financial accounting. Under IFRS the costs are said to be immaterial and do not require consideration of the matching principle. This brings up possible issues of managed earnings based on when companies are issuing debt and when they are recognizing the issue costs. A convertible bond is a type of bond that the holder can convert into shares of common stock in the issuing company or cash of equal value, at an agreed-upon price. The difference between US and international standards arises when determining how to measure and account for convertible feature of the bond. Under U. S. GAAP, ASC-420-20-25-6 states: A contingent beneficial conversion feature shall be measured using the commitment date stock price but shall not be recognized in earnings until the contingency is resolved. This basically says that the convertible feature of the bond is not recognized until it is actually resolved. Under IFRS they refer to the convertible part of the bond (equity element) as an embedded derivative which must be accounted for separately from the liability element of the bond. (IAS 39, par 11) These embedded derivatives are treated the same as stand-alone derivatives in that they are measured at fair value with all changes in fair value recognized in profit or loss. (IAS 39, par 46) This process of recording causes a company to be less stable and more reactive to changes in the market. This is not necessarily a bad thing because it accurately portrays the value of the future benefits of the bonds. Accounting for convertible bonds and debt issue costs is likely to change in the future. The US and international standard boards are constantly working on a convergence in order to have a single set of accounting standards for every business. The issues with long-term debt are only a few of many differences that need to be resolved between IFRS and U. S. GAAP. They have been working on the idea of a convergence for many years and personally I do not believe there will be any type of convergence in the near future. With that being said it is important that we know the differences in reporting between IFRS and U. S. GAAP and are able to recognize the financial implications of these differences. Works Consulted Financial Accounting Foundation. (n. d. ). Financial Accounting Standards Board. In FASB Accounting Codification Standards. Retrieved October 11, 2012, from http://www. fasb. org/home IFRS Foundation. (n. d. ). International Financial Reporting Standards. In eIFRS . Retrieved October 11, 2012, from http://eifrs. ifrs. org/IB/Register How to cite Long-Term Debt Gaap V Ifrs, Essay examples

International Business for Case of Royal Mail- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theInternational Businessfor Case of Royal Mail. Answer: Introduction: International business has been obtaining formidable impetus in the recent times with the inclinations of enterprises to accomplish strategic advantage in the global business environment. The last two decades have witnessed the rapid and sustainable growth of international business. Markets have evolved into global entities for majority of services and goods as well as a wide assortment of financial instruments. The case of Royal Mail also presents a lucid interpretation of an enterprise engaging in international business action. The illustration of the literature pertaining to international business such as concepts and models would be helpful in drawing critical inferences into the international business action of Royal Mail (Ahammad, et al., 2016). Royal Mail to Engage in International Business The event can be illustrated as the recent implications for the Royal Mail to engage in international business are reflective of the reduction in the number of letters it delivers in UK. The characteristics of Royal mail could be prominently observed in its reputation as the designated Universal Postal Service Providers of UK as well as the plausible implications for supporting customers, communities all over the country and the businesses in UK (Bury, 2017). The engagement of the company in one of the profound transformations in the industry of delivery services in British history is reflective of the barriers for the vision of the organization to realize its position as the best delivery company in UK and Europe (Cheng, et al., 2014). As per Darendeli Hill, the notable characteristics which can be perceived in the existing market scenario in the UK reflects on the declining share of letter volumes in delivery service and the profound implications for the growth of the parcel business through involvement of online retailers such as Amazon (Darendeli Hill, 2016). On the contrary, the GLS or General Logistics Systems, which is the international delivery arm of Royal Mail, has depicted considerable improvements in business performance which depicted growth by 9% as compared to the domestic business which depicted a slight reduction of 2%. The declining share of letters delivered by Royal Mail by 6% over the course of the last year creates potential implications for the organization to consider international business action. Furthermore, the increasing popularity of online shopping has provided a promising impetus to the volumes of parcel deliveries which increased by 3% in the recent year. Therefore, Royal Mail has to consider emphasizing on the international business arm, GLS, and embark on overseas acquisitions that can expand the GLS in varying geographies. As per Helm Gritsch, despite the risks of losing revenue to the dedicated parcel delivery companies such as Amazon, Royal Mail can leverage the international business volumes generated by GLS to address the setbacks faced by the organization in domestic business performance. Therefore the validity of reflecting on relevant literature pertaining to international business could be realized effectively in case of Royal Mail to predict distinct inferences for the international business action of the organization (Helm Gritsch, 2014). The essential elements in literature pertaining to the international business that can be considered with respect to the observed event in case of Royal mail would refer to the competitive advantage and strategic direction of an enterprise in the international business environment, frameworks for analyzing the international business environment as well as the challenges and opportunities that can be vested in the method of acquisitions to expand international trade. Literature Review: The reflection on literature pertaining to international business would provide a notable contribution to the determination of strategic approaches for business organizations in foreign business environments. According to Jia, et al, prior to the illustration of theoretical models, it is imperative to consider the generic definitions of international business which rely on the expansion of business activities beyond the national boundaries of the organization. Therefore organizations which engage in the transaction of goods and services across national boundaries with the location of central management in a single country could be encompassed in the definitions of international business (Jia, et al., 2014). According to Leung Morris, the other dimensions of international business are profoundly indicative of the equation of international business with the big enterprises that have established operating units in the external jurisdictions. Furthermore, international business has also been associated with the institutional arrangements that engage in direction of economic activity towards managerial applications in foreign jurisdictions without formal depiction of ownership control. Such examples can be perceived in the joint ventures of organizations with locally owned businesses as well as with the governments in international jurisdictions (Leung Morris, 2015). International business activities are associated with a broader scope that reflects on the challenges as well as opportunities in the international business environment. Some of the cognizable factors that could be accounted as major influences on the international business initiatives of an organization include cultural differences, foreign exchange markets, and legal infrastructures in the foreign jurisdictions and the variations in inflation rates. International business has formidable implications towards the evolving changes in the international business environment as compared to the domestic environment which are often associated with traits of contradiction and ambiguity. Managers with the skills for identification of potential pitfalls in the international business environment could be able to cater the changes in priorities of the business environment thereby obtaining feasible competitive advantage over the peers in the industry which are unable to cope with the changing p riorities of international business environments (Lord, 2014). Prior to the evaluation of opportunities that can be accessed from the international business actions of an enterprise the estimation of the setbacks could provide a critical perspective. The identification of the setbacks that can be associated with the domain of international business would help in providing viable improvements in the strategic direction of an enterprise in the foreign market environment. An organization faces political and legal conflicts in international business with the notable implications towards disparities in the domestic and international political structure and the implications of legal regulations. The complexities of managing political and legal setbacks in business environment could be increased with the involvement of the company in various international business jurisdictions. Furthermore, the disparities in the political and legal environments of the provinces could also be accounted as notable influences on the strategic direction in international jurisdictions. As per Oparaocha, cultural differences could be observed as the next formidable impact on international business actions since cultural diversity is an imperative requirement for addressing the evolving trends in international markets (Oparaocha, 2015). The limitations on international barriers and the increasing movement of people across international boundaries have led to the concerns for increasing variability of different cultural and ethnic sections in the demographics of various geographical jurisdictions. Therefore, organizations which prefer engagement in international trade are required to tailor their strategies and business operations especially marketing to the cultural framework profoundly observed in the international market environment. The analysis of the demographics as well as reflection on cultural dimensions such as long term orientation could be helpful for drawing valid implications pertaining to the strategic approach for international business (Peng, et al., 2017). Economic conflicts also serve as profound impacts on international business actions since they could impinge detrimental outcomes on the financial returns acquired by the organization from international business operations. The prominent factors that can be associated with the economic aspects of international business relate to the fluctuations in exchange rates as well as inflation rates. Variability of currency exchange rates creates potential setbacks for conversion of currency leading to potential ambiguities in the financial standing of an organization in the international business environment. As per Sandberg, marketing infrastructure variation in international business environments leads to cognizable setbacks for marketing activities of an organization. Marketing infrastructure refers to the accessibility and nature of marketing facilities in a particular country which direct towards the varying efficiencies of marketing media in different market environments (Sandberg, 2014). It has been observed that the negative implications pertaining to international trade have a considerable impact on international business action of an organization. The use of specific models such as PESTEL analysis could be considered as viable additions to improve the outcomes of market research and plausible identification of the issues. On the contrary, observation of the viable opportunities that can be accessed from the international business actions could also be assumed as driving forces for organizations to engage in international trade. As per Young Makhija, international trade provides the foremost promising outcome of sustainability since the access to foreign markets allows organization to acquire feasible outcomes such as substantial improvement in the market share of the organization as well as the expansion of the scope of international experience (Young Makhija, 2014). The observable growth in international markets of developing countries could be perceived as a viable opportunity for neglecting economic and marketing problems and entering the markets to obtain competitive advantage. Diversification has become an imperative constituent of the domain of international trade implying profound indications towards the consideration of foreign markets as a viable solution for mitigating the risks for an organization through the concerns of variable demand. The beneficial aspects of diversification lead to acquisition of comprehensive insights into the variability of production processes and other business operations. Another cognizable element that should be included in the discussion pertaining to efficient perspectives for international business is the acquisition of competitive advantage and precise identification of strategies. Competitive advantage can be illustrated as the edge obtained by organizations over competitors which is generally acquired through the provision of higher value on the products to customers either through lower prices or provision of sophisticated services that can validated the higher pricing of products and services (Zhang, van Doorn Leeflang, 2014). The implications of competitive advantage can be realized by a comprehensive interpretation of the core competencies, strategy and business level strategy alongside the apprehension of the interdependencies among them. The core competences could be implemented for obtaining promising outcomes from a strategy through the provision of viable inputs into the strategy design. Core competencies could be identified as the unique traits, capabilities and resources of an organization that facilitate competitive advantage over rivals. The strategy implications are largely dependent on the core competency in order to obtain integration and coordination among the various sets of actions that can be implemented in various functional domains of an organizations business framework. The subsequent element which contributes to the competitive advantage of an organization reflects on the business level strategy that is specifically directed towards the particular business functions. The business level strategy is associated with the initiatives for providing value to customers through exploitation of core competences in particular product markets (Young Makhija, 2014). The global strategy can be observed from a distinct perspective which classifies specific planned actions as well as contingency measures which largely reflect on the necessity to evaluate the dynamics of internal and external changes as well as obligations of organizations to learn consistently. Therefore the relation between competitive advantage and the learning process of an organization could be perceived as a profound highlight in the domain of international business management. The acquisition of competitive advantage can be validated through the competitive positioning, core competences and global strategy which allow distinct opportunities in international market environments. Competitive positioning is defined on the grounds of configuration of core competences specific to the industry to the maximum possible value for accomplishing competitive advantage. The value of core competences in an organization could be realized efficiently in international business initiatives thr ough maintaining an open system with specific implications towards cooperation with environment and the utilization of core competences (Peng, et al., 2017). The impact of global strategy can be observed in the promising outcomes such as accomplishment of a global scale and the flexible configuration and the coordination of international business activities. Therefore the provision of international strategy opportunities could be realized through the identification of international opportunities, exploring the capabilities and resources and utilization of core competences in order obtain feasible outcomes related to strategic competitiveness (Young Makhija, 2014). Critique of the Event: As observed in the case of Royal Mail, the organization is considering the methods of acquisition to enter foreign markets. The rationale for engaging in international business could be perceived in case of Royal Mail as the organization is not capable of sustaining its conventional business opportunities in the industry of delivery services. As per Zhang, van Doorn Leeflang, the senior management of the organization is inclined towards the realization of strategic approaches to improve the investments in overseas acquisitions prudently. Therefore a critical evaluation of the organizations international business action should be obtained in order to propose feasible recommendations for improving competence in international business assignment. The market entry modes are also associated with the strategic direction of an organization in international business assignments (Zhang, van Doorn Leeflang, 2014). Acquisitions and mergers as well as joint ventures have proved to be legible approaches for entering foreign markets. Therefore literature pertaining to international business management has included acquisitions as a flexible option for international market entry as well as referring to the potential advantages and disadvantages that are associated with the market entry mode of acquisition. The foremost advantage that can be drawn from acquisitions is the flexible distribution of financial resources and skill competences. The benefits of acquisition in different industries are also accountable for the diversity implications since the fall in sales in a particular industry would not affect the performance of the other partners in different industries. The acquisition of companies in similar industry is also profoundly indicative of the reduction in competition as well as reduction in costs of publicity and advertisement. On the contrary, acquisitions can also be critically associated with setbacks that could lead to long term consequences for Royal Mail in its international market expansion initiatives through acquisitions (Sandberg, 2014). The difference in objectives of acquisitions among the acquired companies could lead to potential conflicts that would require strategic management thereby reflecting on the mandatory requirement of resources and costs. The lack of precise standards for pricing of the acquisitions could lead to ambiguities pertaining to the investments made by Royal Mail in its overseas acquisition approach that lead to profound implications towards overpricing of specific acquisitions by the enterprise. The integration of employees of the Royal Mail and the acquired firms could be assumed as a formidable limitation of acquisitions that lead to conflicts pertaining to the adaptability to new cultures, management and employees (Leung Morris, 2015). In case of Royal Mail, the proposed initiatives for acquisition of overseas firms by GSL, the companys international arm, could be critiqued on the grounds of the numerous acquisitions that could lead to variable concerns for management and the improvement in uncertainty in the moderation of business activities of the organization due to absence of integration. Furthermore, the variability of the financial consequences obtained from the acquisitions could also imply critical gaps in the preferences for acquisition. The foremost pitfall that can be perceived in the case of Royal Mails expansion in international markets through acquisitions is reflective of the excessive managerial focus on acquisition. The comprehensive direction of Royal Mails management towards acquisitions could lead to inhibitions pertaining to internal development and negligence for the slump in letter delivery volumes in the domestic market. Furthermore, the recommendations for improved strategic approach in case of international business action of Royal Mail would have to be dependent on the analysis of international business environment which is characterized by profound competition from dedicated parcel service providers such as Amazon (Helm Gritsch, 2014). Conclusion: The report presented a cognizable illustration of concepts pertaining to international business actions by referring to the recent instance of international business acquisitions by Royal Mail, the dedicated Universal Parcel Service Provider in UK. References Ahammad, M.F., Tarba, S.Y., Liu, Y. and Glaister, K.W., 2016. Knowledge transfer and cross-border acquisition performance: The impact of cultural distance and employee retention.International Business Review,25(1), pp.66-75. Bury, R. 2017. Royal Mail relies on international business as letter deliveries fall. [online] The Telegraph. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/05/18/royal-mail-relies-international-business-letter-deliveries-fall/ [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Cheng, J.L., Birkinshaw, J., Lessard, D.R. and Thomas, D.C., 2014. Advancing interdisciplinary research: Insights from the JIBS special issue.Journal of International Business Studies,45(6), pp.643-648. Darendeli, I.S. and Hill, T.L., 2016. Uncovering the complex relationships between political risk and MNE firm legitimacy: Insights from Libya.Journal of International Business Studies,47(1), pp.68-92. Helm, R. and Gritsch, S., 2014. Examining the influence of uncertainty on marketing mix strategy elements in emerging business to business export-markets.International Business Review,23(2), pp.418-428. Jia, F., Lamming, R., Sartor, M., Orzes, G. and Nassimbeni, G., 2014. International purchasing offices in China: A dynamic evolution model.International Business Review,23(3), pp.580-593. Leung, K. and Morris, M.W., 2015. Values, schemas, and norms in the culturebehavior nexus: A situated dynamics framework.Journal of International Business Studies,46(9), pp.1028-1050. Lord, N., 2014.Regulating corporate bribery in international business: Anti-corruption in the UK and Germany. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Oparaocha, G.O., 2015. SMEs and international entrepreneurship: An institutional network perspective.International Business Review,24(5), pp.861-873. Peng, M.W., Ahlstrom, D., Carraher, S.M. and Shi, W.S., 2017. An institution-based view of global IPR History.Journal of International Business Studies, pp.1-15. Sandberg, S., 2014. Experiential knowledge antecedents of the SME network node configuration in emerging market business networks.International Business Review,23(1), pp.20-29. Young, S.L. and Makhija, M.V., 2014. Firms corporate social responsibility behavior: An integration of institutional and profit maximization approaches.Journal of International Business Studies,45(6), pp.670-698. Zhang, S.S., van Doorn, J. and Leeflang, P.S., 2014. Does the importance of value, brand and relationship equity for customer loyalty differ between Eastern and Western cultures?.International Business Review,23(1), pp.284-292.

The Japanese Katana and The Espada Ropera Essay Example

The Japanese Katana and The Espada Ropera Essay There have been many legends about the Japanese sword known as a Katana. This sword is considered to be the best made, the best in combat and the best sword for anyone to wield in the field of battle. Although I agree that this sword is quite legendary and amazing, I have found another sword that in comparison is an even more superior weapon. This sword is known as the Espada Ropera (Spanish rapier) and was used in the 1600s, during the same period as its competitor the Katana. The reasons why the Espada Ropera is superior to the katana is that it has better craftsmanship, more combat advantages and more availability to the common soldier so that he may wield it on the battlefield without the problem of paying a large sum. Swords do not become legends from their service, but rather from their creation, for blades such as the Espada Ropera and the Katana were both works of art and expert craftsmanship. The Katana was forged by using high-grade steel in a blast furnace which was then folded onto one edge over and over again to make it as sharp as possible while the other edge was layered with cobalt so that it would not rust since it was not to be used in combat. The Katana also had a curved blade so that it could be faster in combat and on the draw out of the scabbard. Lastly, the Katana itself with the blade and all weighed at about 2.86 pounds. Although this may sound like the superior blade, it is not the case. The Espada Ropera was forged with high-grade steel, which was then heated and pounded into a thin double-edged blade as sharp as a shaving razor. The blade itself was long and straight and had a bit of flex so that it could slightly bend with the strike, causing it to have an even more deadly strike. Also, the entire sword only weighed 2. 2 pounds which is, although not by much, is lighter than the Katana giving it a slight edge in speed. We will write a custom essay sample on The Japanese Katana and The Espada Ropera specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Japanese Katana and The Espada Ropera specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Japanese Katana and The Espada Ropera specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is said that the Katana’s greatest combat advantage is that the curve in the blad

Nietzsches rejection of traditional morality Essays

Nietzsches rejection of traditional morality Essays Nietzsches rejection of traditional morality Paper Nietzsches rejection of traditional morality Paper He said that people should struggle and work hard In order to assist the society. Leading people who are uncritical and comfortable make leaders to rule undemocratically without fighting for the rights of the people they lead. Caruthers was very hypocritical of leading such people since It allows leaders to rule authoritatively. Do you think there Is a morality of resentment In our society? If so, how has It affected the relationship between leaders and followers? Yes, there is a morality of resentment in our society. Resentment appears to have been provided us by the nature for defense and defense only. It is the protection of justice as well as security of the innocence. It prompts to beat off any mischief that is attempted to be done to people and also retaliates any mischief that is already done. As a result, the offender is compelled to repent of his or her injustices through the fear of being punished. Therefore, resentment has ensured the relationship between leaders and followers within the society is smooth. This is mainly due to the fact that followers will fear that any wrong doings might subject hem to harsh punishments from leaders (Barrow 405). On the other hand, the leaders will be free to execute their duties freely without fear of factorization since they know that everything that they do is as per the established laws and regulations of the land. Therefore, resentment must not be kept aside for wrong doings nor can the followers ever move together when the pressure is too much. Beyond Good and EVil In your own words characterize what Nietzsche calls slave morality and the master morality Nietzsche calls slave morality as basically reactive and negative since it originated in denial of anything that is distinct from it. As a result, it appears outward and therefore Nietzsche said no to any of the aggressive outside forces that oppress and oppose it. On the other hand, Nietzsche calls master morality that It only concerns itself extremely serious with everything that Is outside of It. For Instance, the bad and the low is a late addition and are perceived only as the contrast that shows up more powerfully (Nietzsche 307). Therefore, according to Nietzsche, she observes that whereas both master and slave morality can constitute the formation of the truth, then the master morality does very little on It. Therefore, he sees that slave morality rendered people very dull and stupid In whatever they are doing. Nietzsche thinks that domination and exploitation of the weak by powerful Is a basic fact of all history. By assuming that this belief Is very true; would you actually consider the claim as legality of master morality? It may not claim as a substitute that we need to curd ten antagonistic Impulses Ana also Snell a ten weak: According to me, I would not consider this an argument for the validity of the master morality. This is mainly due to the fact that it disparages slave morality to favor the master morality. Whereas it appears that Nietzsche preferred the barbarians blonde beast to the contemporary Europeans, it is very precise that the ideal is very much far away from the master morality. This is due to the fact that its alignment with the master morality is not consistent with the argument that she never aligned herself with any type of moral systems (Nietzsche 564). Therefore, someone might make an argument that we need to curb our aggressive impulses so as to protect the weak. This is the only way to ensure the validity of the master morality. How much truth do you get in the categorization of Jude-Christian ethic by Nietzsche as a slave morality? There is no truth from Nietzsche characterization of the Jude-Christian ethic as a slave morality. This is due to the fact that slave morality is mainly based on the resentment that is felt towards the big masters and therefore, the world has yielded to the slave moralities that are known as the masters of history. Therefore, he is not right when he said that morality of the paltry people.

Doritos Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Doritos - Essay Example randpa is absent is not a cause for joy but his reappearance is a desirable effect by the grandson ("Doritos Healing Grandpa super bowl commercial 2011," n.d.). There need here is to have grandpa so that life can be enjoyable. Step three concerns provision of a solution (Venette, 1993). In this case, Doritos is the solution. At the end when grandpa comes back to life, he can be seen with Doritos. It is after his ashes are released from the urn and the presence of Doritos in the room that makes him come back to life. Visualizing what satisfaction will mean forms the fourth step. The Doritos advert aims to convince the audience that Doritos are that good to cause one to come back to life just to have some more. This advert shows a positive future, full of enjoyment from Doritos consumption. The final process about getting the audience to take action is paramount. That is the whole reason for making the advertisement in the first place. This involves buying the Doritos and eating them. At the end of the advertisement, everyone one is convinced that Doritos are the real deal due to their enticing

Government intervention in the market for raisins Assignment

Government intervention in the market for raisins - Assignment Example Producers of specialty crops like raisin in California structured themselves into marketing associations. This essay paper will look into the broad subject relating with marketing orders, and narrow down into marketing order for raisins in the US. Discussion In 1949, following twenty years of ceaseless agitation, discouragement, bitter struggle, pools, forced combinations and raisin exchanges, raisin growers from California voted to come up with a federal marketing order based on the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1937. Critical components of this marketing order have brought a number of economic impacts, a program of price discrimination and a program of supply control. The Agriculture Secretary, in line with the provisions of the law, issues and carries out amendments on the same from time to time. Such orders are intended to regulate handling of specified agricultural commodities in line with the legal framework in place (Clary 23). A board that consists of growers and packers, cal led Raisin Administrative Committee (RAC) is bestowed with the mandate of watching over the marketing order. RAC is a federal marketing order which is led by packers, 47 growers and a public member. This authority is directly supervised by the United States Department of Agriculture which was established in 1949 due to the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937. ... isin growers have brought complaint regarding Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937 which empowers government to confiscate some portion of the yearly raisin crop, the initiative which, for instance, saw 47% being confiscated in 2003 and 30% in 2004. Farmers who don’t cooperate in surrendering their raisins are penalized. The amount that should be surrendered to the government is based on the annual production volume and other factors like production by competing countries. Taxpayers are not left out in analysis of the potential effects of this surrender. The surrender minimizes the available share of raisin supply which in return causes the consumers of the product to buy it at higher prices. RAC does not pay any consideration to farmers upon expropriations. Actually much of the raisin is given away and others sold for export at low prices. It is only after it has covered its costs that the remaining profits, if any, are given to the farmers. Farmers who disregard this marketing order are fined. Raisin is not the only fruit that is federally regulated. In total, close to thirty products are subject to the ‘marketing orders’, overseeing of which is conducted by the Department of Agriculture. In other products like milk, the system of Federal Milk Marketing Order does set the lowest prices for milk and milk products. Farmers, if they were given an opportunity, would vote in abolishment of the marketing order rule. It is plain that the pronouncements of this rule have economically affected them. It is rational to produce more and reap more from the same but if the rule denies farmers of reaping what they have produced and unfairly handing the same to government, which is seen as wasteful decision (Agriculture.). On the other hand, farmers can still vote for

The relationships between prison inmates and correction officers in Essay

The relationships between prison inmates and correction officers in regaurds to violence - Essay Example The workshops are managed by inmate trainers, but with the support and involvement of outside volunteer co-trainers. AVP workshops are typically two or three days in length, depending on the specific module. Both inmates, as well as outside trainers are volunteers, their qualifications being completion of all AVP modules in addition to the "train-the-trainer" workshop. Participants start with the basic workshop, progress to the advanced, and from there to the adjunct modules which include Bias Awareness and Manly Awareness. The ethnographic study, completed in May of 2001 (Sloane 2001), suggested that AVP participants' behaviors were modified by their involvement in these workshops. Prisons are essentially closed institutions. To all but the state employees who work in them, the prisoners confined in them and the officials who are permitted access, prisons are generally hidden from public view. Under special authority extended to the Correctional Association since 1846, members of its Prison Visiting Committee can enter prisons, interview inmates and staff, and communicate their findings and recommendations to state policymakers and the public. While the Correctional Association does not have authority to mandate change, it uses its knowledge of prison operations to advocate for reform to those who do have that authority. Based on observations of the Correctional Association's Prison Visiting Committee from visits to 25 state correctional facilities conducted between March 1998 and October 2001, key problems and areas for reform based on conversations with hundreds of inmates and correctional staff are mentioned here and/or described in the individual prison reports: - Youth Assistance Programs in which inmates and correction staff volunteer as counselors to at-risk youth from the community; - The "Puppies Behind Bars" program, where inmates train puppies to become seeing-eye dogs; - The piloting of an in-cell substance abuse treatment program for inmates in disciplinary confinement; - Mandatory academic programming for inmates who read and/or have a math score below the ninth-grade level; - Parenting programs featuring structured groups and parenting education classes; - Family visitor centers at 36 facilities to provide inmate family members with a place to refresh themselves prior to entering the prison; - The installation of Automatic Electronic Defibrillators in every state correctional facility; - Aggression Replacement Therapy provided by trained inmate facilitators to help prisoners identify and control aggressive behavior; and - Earned Eligibility and Merit Time programs, which reward certain nonviolent offenders who meet various program requirements with the possibility of early release. Motivation levels at the start of the workshops