Jose Rizal and Martin Luther King Jr. - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 615 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/09/16 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Jose Rizal and Martin Luther King, Jr. Jose Rizal and Martin Luther King, Jr. are both great men known for their dignity and love of country. Through comparison, Jose Rizal was proponent of institutional reforms through his writings, while Martin Luther King, Jr. used his charismatic personality through orations and sermons to cry out the need for change. Both of them used peaceful means instead of violent revolutions to attain their heroic purpose. Through Rizal’s perspective, during the Spanish occupation, the Filipinos started to lose their own identity. They were forced to praise and admire the things that were foreign and incomprehensible. The Filipinos endured this kind of life, but sad to say, they would only be repaid with insults and abuses. They were highly discriminated, they were treated as slaves and puppets, and they were robbed of their human rights. Rizal, who cared so much for his countrymen, did not bear this sight, so wrote his two famous novels, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, even if he knew that this was a sure danger to his life. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Jose Rizal and Martin Luther King Jr." essay for you Create order Like Rizal, King saw the United States as a divided country. Black men are separated from the whites even in the simplest daily activities like eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a washroom, attending school, going to the movies, and rental or purchase of a home. He believed that this segregation would only generate hate and perpetuate a feeling of distrust among the races. King, like Rizal, also loved his country so much, that he bravely stood for his fellow blacks, even if it cost his life. While Rizal tried to awaken the lethargic spirits of the abused Filipinos through his symbolisms in his novels, King voiced out the cries of injustice among the powerless black Americans through his charismatic personality to the population. Rizal sought to defeat injustice, not the people. That is why, he used only his moral means. Similarly, King tried to achieve his goal by touching the hearts of the people. He appealed to the consciences of the white Americans and thus brought political leverage to bear on the federal government. He feared nothing and trusted only God and himself. And all his actions were peaceful and morally upright. Upon Rizal’s martyred death of age 35, it did not cow the spirits of his people, but furthermore propagated the burning desire for freedom. His death was the catalyst that precipitated the Philippine Revolution, which later led to Philippine Independence. King also died at a young age of 39 when he was assassinated. And in the same way, his death did not end the advent for social justice in the United States. But it led to the abolition of legal apartheid in many parts of America. Rizal’s ideologies helped create a new climate of thought which led to the attrition of colonialism and the emergence of new Asiatic nations. This only proved that Rizal’s influence was not limited to the boundaries of his country, but extended to the whole of Asia and even the world. Likewise, King’s influence reached internationally and inspired more and more people to promote equal rights and brotherhood. Both Rizal and King are well known, inspiring men, to all cultures of the world. They were and still are two of the most influential heroes. They both faced many obstacles on their quests like imprisonment and assassination. Despite these obstacles, they became successful leaders and even after their deaths guided their fellowmen in a non-violent and positive direction for the fight to secure rights and equality. These reasons make them worthy enough of the title heroes† – heroes who shaped the world of today.

Showalter’s Analysis of Chopin’s The Awakening Essay

Showalter’s Analysis of Chopin’s The Awakening In â€Å"Tradition and the Female Talent: The Awakening as a Solitary Book,† Elaine Showalter makes a compelling argument that â€Å"Edna Pontellier’s ‘unfocused yearning’ for an autonomous life is akin to Kate Chopin’s yearning to write works that go beyond female plots and feminine endings† (204). Urging her reader to read The Awakening â€Å"in the context of literary tradition,† Showalter demonstrates the ways in which Chopin’s novel both builds upon and departs from the tradition of American women’s writing up to that point. Showalter begins with the antebellum novelists’ themes of women’s roles as mothers—especially the importance of the mother-daughter relationship—and women’s attachments with†¦show more content†¦As I said above, this is a compelling argument, one that is hindered only by its trite, final sentence. The only issue I had with this article is that Showalter’s ending is trite. While it is true that â€Å"we can never know how the tradition might have changed if her novel had not had to wait half a century to find its audience,† this is obvious and was established at the beginning of the essay. Does it really need to be stated? Moreover, the final sentence (â€Å"It is up to contemporary readers to restore her solitary book to its place in our literary heritage†) reads like a final sentence from one of my freshman composition students. Why not end the essay with â€Å"The fate of The Awakening shows only too well how a literary tradition may be enabling, even essential, as well as confining† (221)? This succinctly sums up the article and gives the reader something to ponder. Luckily, the rest of the article had already kept my attention and received much head-nodding so that I still consider this to be a fine, well-supported essay. Showalter supports her argument with specific examples from the novel that demonstrate its attempt to move from the world of mothers and daughters into a world concerned with self-definition, all the while illustrating its simultaneous dependence upon the very world away from which it attempts to

Long-Term Debt Gaap V Ifrs Free Essays

Long-Term Debt U. S. GAAP vs. We will write a custom essay sample on Long-Term Debt Gaap V Ifrs or any similar topic only for you Order Now IFRS Scott Bailey Acc 311 Debruine Every company in the world must raise funds in order to finance its operations and expansion. The most common form of this funding is through the use of long-term debt. Depending on where the company does business and who uses their financial statements, there are different ways of recording this debt through the use of United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (U. S. GAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The main differences between the two accounting standards, with regards to long-term debt recognition, deal with debt issue costs and convertible bonds. Debt issue costs are the payments associated with issuing debt, such as various fees and commissions to third parties. According to U. S. GAAP these payments generate future benefits that under ASC 835-30-45-3 are recorded on the balance sheet as deferred charges. These charges are capitalized, reflected in the balance sheet as an asset, and amortized over the life of the debt instrument. Early debt repayment results in expensing these costs. Under IFRS costs are deducted from the carrying value of the financial liability and are not recorded as separate assets. Rather, they are accounted for as a debt discount and amortized using the effective interest method. (IAS 39, par 43) The debate between which set of standards correctly portrays the financial implications of these costs is centered on the idea of matching expenses and revenue. Those for U. S. GAAP argue that the deferred costs create an asset to which we can then match the revenue with the expenses over the useful life of the debt. This is in compliance with the matching principle of the conceptual framework for financial accounting. Under IFRS the costs are said to be immaterial and do not require consideration of the matching principle. This brings up possible issues of managed earnings based on when companies are issuing debt and when they are recognizing the issue costs. A convertible bond is a type of bond that the holder can convert into shares of common stock in the issuing company or cash of equal value, at an agreed-upon price. The difference between US and international standards arises when determining how to measure and account for convertible feature of the bond. Under U. S. GAAP, ASC-420-20-25-6 states: A contingent beneficial conversion feature shall be measured using the commitment date stock price but shall not be recognized in earnings until the contingency is resolved. This basically says that the convertible feature of the bond is not recognized until it is actually resolved. Under IFRS they refer to the convertible part of the bond (equity element) as an embedded derivative which must be accounted for separately from the liability element of the bond. (IAS 39, par 11) These embedded derivatives are treated the same as stand-alone derivatives in that they are measured at fair value with all changes in fair value recognized in profit or loss. (IAS 39, par 46) This process of recording causes a company to be less stable and more reactive to changes in the market. This is not necessarily a bad thing because it accurately portrays the value of the future benefits of the bonds. Accounting for convertible bonds and debt issue costs is likely to change in the future. The US and international standard boards are constantly working on a convergence in order to have a single set of accounting standards for every business. The issues with long-term debt are only a few of many differences that need to be resolved between IFRS and U. S. GAAP. They have been working on the idea of a convergence for many years and personally I do not believe there will be any type of convergence in the near future. With that being said it is important that we know the differences in reporting between IFRS and U. S. GAAP and are able to recognize the financial implications of these differences. Works Consulted Financial Accounting Foundation. (n. d. ). Financial Accounting Standards Board. In FASB Accounting Codification Standards. Retrieved October 11, 2012, from http://www. fasb. org/home IFRS Foundation. (n. d. ). International Financial Reporting Standards. In eIFRS . Retrieved October 11, 2012, from http://eifrs. ifrs. org/IB/Register How to cite Long-Term Debt Gaap V Ifrs, Essay examples

International Business for Case of Royal Mail- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theInternational Businessfor Case of Royal Mail. Answer: Introduction: International business has been obtaining formidable impetus in the recent times with the inclinations of enterprises to accomplish strategic advantage in the global business environment. The last two decades have witnessed the rapid and sustainable growth of international business. Markets have evolved into global entities for majority of services and goods as well as a wide assortment of financial instruments. The case of Royal Mail also presents a lucid interpretation of an enterprise engaging in international business action. The illustration of the literature pertaining to international business such as concepts and models would be helpful in drawing critical inferences into the international business action of Royal Mail (Ahammad, et al., 2016). Royal Mail to Engage in International Business The event can be illustrated as the recent implications for the Royal Mail to engage in international business are reflective of the reduction in the number of letters it delivers in UK. The characteristics of Royal mail could be prominently observed in its reputation as the designated Universal Postal Service Providers of UK as well as the plausible implications for supporting customers, communities all over the country and the businesses in UK (Bury, 2017). The engagement of the company in one of the profound transformations in the industry of delivery services in British history is reflective of the barriers for the vision of the organization to realize its position as the best delivery company in UK and Europe (Cheng, et al., 2014). As per Darendeli Hill, the notable characteristics which can be perceived in the existing market scenario in the UK reflects on the declining share of letter volumes in delivery service and the profound implications for the growth of the parcel business through involvement of online retailers such as Amazon (Darendeli Hill, 2016). On the contrary, the GLS or General Logistics Systems, which is the international delivery arm of Royal Mail, has depicted considerable improvements in business performance which depicted growth by 9% as compared to the domestic business which depicted a slight reduction of 2%. The declining share of letters delivered by Royal Mail by 6% over the course of the last year creates potential implications for the organization to consider international business action. Furthermore, the increasing popularity of online shopping has provided a promising impetus to the volumes of parcel deliveries which increased by 3% in the recent year. Therefore, Royal Mail has to consider emphasizing on the international business arm, GLS, and embark on overseas acquisitions that can expand the GLS in varying geographies. As per Helm Gritsch, despite the risks of losing revenue to the dedicated parcel delivery companies such as Amazon, Royal Mail can leverage the international business volumes generated by GLS to address the setbacks faced by the organization in domestic business performance. Therefore the validity of reflecting on relevant literature pertaining to international business could be realized effectively in case of Royal Mail to predict distinct inferences for the international business action of the organization (Helm Gritsch, 2014). The essential elements in literature pertaining to the international business that can be considered with respect to the observed event in case of Royal mail would refer to the competitive advantage and strategic direction of an enterprise in the international business environment, frameworks for analyzing the international business environment as well as the challenges and opportunities that can be vested in the method of acquisitions to expand international trade. Literature Review: The reflection on literature pertaining to international business would provide a notable contribution to the determination of strategic approaches for business organizations in foreign business environments. According to Jia, et al, prior to the illustration of theoretical models, it is imperative to consider the generic definitions of international business which rely on the expansion of business activities beyond the national boundaries of the organization. Therefore organizations which engage in the transaction of goods and services across national boundaries with the location of central management in a single country could be encompassed in the definitions of international business (Jia, et al., 2014). According to Leung Morris, the other dimensions of international business are profoundly indicative of the equation of international business with the big enterprises that have established operating units in the external jurisdictions. Furthermore, international business has also been associated with the institutional arrangements that engage in direction of economic activity towards managerial applications in foreign jurisdictions without formal depiction of ownership control. Such examples can be perceived in the joint ventures of organizations with locally owned businesses as well as with the governments in international jurisdictions (Leung Morris, 2015). International business activities are associated with a broader scope that reflects on the challenges as well as opportunities in the international business environment. Some of the cognizable factors that could be accounted as major influences on the international business initiatives of an organization include cultural differences, foreign exchange markets, and legal infrastructures in the foreign jurisdictions and the variations in inflation rates. International business has formidable implications towards the evolving changes in the international business environment as compared to the domestic environment which are often associated with traits of contradiction and ambiguity. Managers with the skills for identification of potential pitfalls in the international business environment could be able to cater the changes in priorities of the business environment thereby obtaining feasible competitive advantage over the peers in the industry which are unable to cope with the changing p riorities of international business environments (Lord, 2014). Prior to the evaluation of opportunities that can be accessed from the international business actions of an enterprise the estimation of the setbacks could provide a critical perspective. The identification of the setbacks that can be associated with the domain of international business would help in providing viable improvements in the strategic direction of an enterprise in the foreign market environment. An organization faces political and legal conflicts in international business with the notable implications towards disparities in the domestic and international political structure and the implications of legal regulations. The complexities of managing political and legal setbacks in business environment could be increased with the involvement of the company in various international business jurisdictions. Furthermore, the disparities in the political and legal environments of the provinces could also be accounted as notable influences on the strategic direction in international jurisdictions. As per Oparaocha, cultural differences could be observed as the next formidable impact on international business actions since cultural diversity is an imperative requirement for addressing the evolving trends in international markets (Oparaocha, 2015). The limitations on international barriers and the increasing movement of people across international boundaries have led to the concerns for increasing variability of different cultural and ethnic sections in the demographics of various geographical jurisdictions. Therefore, organizations which prefer engagement in international trade are required to tailor their strategies and business operations especially marketing to the cultural framework profoundly observed in the international market environment. The analysis of the demographics as well as reflection on cultural dimensions such as long term orientation could be helpful for drawing valid implications pertaining to the strategic approach for international business (Peng, et al., 2017). Economic conflicts also serve as profound impacts on international business actions since they could impinge detrimental outcomes on the financial returns acquired by the organization from international business operations. The prominent factors that can be associated with the economic aspects of international business relate to the fluctuations in exchange rates as well as inflation rates. Variability of currency exchange rates creates potential setbacks for conversion of currency leading to potential ambiguities in the financial standing of an organization in the international business environment. As per Sandberg, marketing infrastructure variation in international business environments leads to cognizable setbacks for marketing activities of an organization. Marketing infrastructure refers to the accessibility and nature of marketing facilities in a particular country which direct towards the varying efficiencies of marketing media in different market environments (Sandberg, 2014). It has been observed that the negative implications pertaining to international trade have a considerable impact on international business action of an organization. The use of specific models such as PESTEL analysis could be considered as viable additions to improve the outcomes of market research and plausible identification of the issues. On the contrary, observation of the viable opportunities that can be accessed from the international business actions could also be assumed as driving forces for organizations to engage in international trade. As per Young Makhija, international trade provides the foremost promising outcome of sustainability since the access to foreign markets allows organization to acquire feasible outcomes such as substantial improvement in the market share of the organization as well as the expansion of the scope of international experience (Young Makhija, 2014). The observable growth in international markets of developing countries could be perceived as a viable opportunity for neglecting economic and marketing problems and entering the markets to obtain competitive advantage. Diversification has become an imperative constituent of the domain of international trade implying profound indications towards the consideration of foreign markets as a viable solution for mitigating the risks for an organization through the concerns of variable demand. The beneficial aspects of diversification lead to acquisition of comprehensive insights into the variability of production processes and other business operations. Another cognizable element that should be included in the discussion pertaining to efficient perspectives for international business is the acquisition of competitive advantage and precise identification of strategies. Competitive advantage can be illustrated as the edge obtained by organizations over competitors which is generally acquired through the provision of higher value on the products to customers either through lower prices or provision of sophisticated services that can validated the higher pricing of products and services (Zhang, van Doorn Leeflang, 2014). The implications of competitive advantage can be realized by a comprehensive interpretation of the core competencies, strategy and business level strategy alongside the apprehension of the interdependencies among them. The core competences could be implemented for obtaining promising outcomes from a strategy through the provision of viable inputs into the strategy design. Core competencies could be identified as the unique traits, capabilities and resources of an organization that facilitate competitive advantage over rivals. The strategy implications are largely dependent on the core competency in order to obtain integration and coordination among the various sets of actions that can be implemented in various functional domains of an organizations business framework. The subsequent element which contributes to the competitive advantage of an organization reflects on the business level strategy that is specifically directed towards the particular business functions. The business level strategy is associated with the initiatives for providing value to customers through exploitation of core competences in particular product markets (Young Makhija, 2014). The global strategy can be observed from a distinct perspective which classifies specific planned actions as well as contingency measures which largely reflect on the necessity to evaluate the dynamics of internal and external changes as well as obligations of organizations to learn consistently. Therefore the relation between competitive advantage and the learning process of an organization could be perceived as a profound highlight in the domain of international business management. The acquisition of competitive advantage can be validated through the competitive positioning, core competences and global strategy which allow distinct opportunities in international market environments. Competitive positioning is defined on the grounds of configuration of core competences specific to the industry to the maximum possible value for accomplishing competitive advantage. The value of core competences in an organization could be realized efficiently in international business initiatives thr ough maintaining an open system with specific implications towards cooperation with environment and the utilization of core competences (Peng, et al., 2017). The impact of global strategy can be observed in the promising outcomes such as accomplishment of a global scale and the flexible configuration and the coordination of international business activities. Therefore the provision of international strategy opportunities could be realized through the identification of international opportunities, exploring the capabilities and resources and utilization of core competences in order obtain feasible outcomes related to strategic competitiveness (Young Makhija, 2014). Critique of the Event: As observed in the case of Royal Mail, the organization is considering the methods of acquisition to enter foreign markets. The rationale for engaging in international business could be perceived in case of Royal Mail as the organization is not capable of sustaining its conventional business opportunities in the industry of delivery services. As per Zhang, van Doorn Leeflang, the senior management of the organization is inclined towards the realization of strategic approaches to improve the investments in overseas acquisitions prudently. Therefore a critical evaluation of the organizations international business action should be obtained in order to propose feasible recommendations for improving competence in international business assignment. The market entry modes are also associated with the strategic direction of an organization in international business assignments (Zhang, van Doorn Leeflang, 2014). Acquisitions and mergers as well as joint ventures have proved to be legible approaches for entering foreign markets. Therefore literature pertaining to international business management has included acquisitions as a flexible option for international market entry as well as referring to the potential advantages and disadvantages that are associated with the market entry mode of acquisition. The foremost advantage that can be drawn from acquisitions is the flexible distribution of financial resources and skill competences. The benefits of acquisition in different industries are also accountable for the diversity implications since the fall in sales in a particular industry would not affect the performance of the other partners in different industries. The acquisition of companies in similar industry is also profoundly indicative of the reduction in competition as well as reduction in costs of publicity and advertisement. On the contrary, acquisitions can also be critically associated with setbacks that could lead to long term consequences for Royal Mail in its international market expansion initiatives through acquisitions (Sandberg, 2014). The difference in objectives of acquisitions among the acquired companies could lead to potential conflicts that would require strategic management thereby reflecting on the mandatory requirement of resources and costs. The lack of precise standards for pricing of the acquisitions could lead to ambiguities pertaining to the investments made by Royal Mail in its overseas acquisition approach that lead to profound implications towards overpricing of specific acquisitions by the enterprise. The integration of employees of the Royal Mail and the acquired firms could be assumed as a formidable limitation of acquisitions that lead to conflicts pertaining to the adaptability to new cultures, management and employees (Leung Morris, 2015). In case of Royal Mail, the proposed initiatives for acquisition of overseas firms by GSL, the companys international arm, could be critiqued on the grounds of the numerous acquisitions that could lead to variable concerns for management and the improvement in uncertainty in the moderation of business activities of the organization due to absence of integration. Furthermore, the variability of the financial consequences obtained from the acquisitions could also imply critical gaps in the preferences for acquisition. The foremost pitfall that can be perceived in the case of Royal Mails expansion in international markets through acquisitions is reflective of the excessive managerial focus on acquisition. The comprehensive direction of Royal Mails management towards acquisitions could lead to inhibitions pertaining to internal development and negligence for the slump in letter delivery volumes in the domestic market. Furthermore, the recommendations for improved strategic approach in case of international business action of Royal Mail would have to be dependent on the analysis of international business environment which is characterized by profound competition from dedicated parcel service providers such as Amazon (Helm Gritsch, 2014). Conclusion: The report presented a cognizable illustration of concepts pertaining to international business actions by referring to the recent instance of international business acquisitions by Royal Mail, the dedicated Universal Parcel Service Provider in UK. References Ahammad, M.F., Tarba, S.Y., Liu, Y. and Glaister, K.W., 2016. Knowledge transfer and cross-border acquisition performance: The impact of cultural distance and employee retention.International Business Review,25(1), pp.66-75. Bury, R. 2017. Royal Mail relies on international business as letter deliveries fall. [online] The Telegraph. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/05/18/royal-mail-relies-international-business-letter-deliveries-fall/ [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Cheng, J.L., Birkinshaw, J., Lessard, D.R. and Thomas, D.C., 2014. Advancing interdisciplinary research: Insights from the JIBS special issue.Journal of International Business Studies,45(6), pp.643-648. Darendeli, I.S. and Hill, T.L., 2016. Uncovering the complex relationships between political risk and MNE firm legitimacy: Insights from Libya.Journal of International Business Studies,47(1), pp.68-92. Helm, R. and Gritsch, S., 2014. Examining the influence of uncertainty on marketing mix strategy elements in emerging business to business export-markets.International Business Review,23(2), pp.418-428. Jia, F., Lamming, R., Sartor, M., Orzes, G. and Nassimbeni, G., 2014. International purchasing offices in China: A dynamic evolution model.International Business Review,23(3), pp.580-593. Leung, K. and Morris, M.W., 2015. Values, schemas, and norms in the culturebehavior nexus: A situated dynamics framework.Journal of International Business Studies,46(9), pp.1028-1050. Lord, N., 2014.Regulating corporate bribery in international business: Anti-corruption in the UK and Germany. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Oparaocha, G.O., 2015. SMEs and international entrepreneurship: An institutional network perspective.International Business Review,24(5), pp.861-873. Peng, M.W., Ahlstrom, D., Carraher, S.M. and Shi, W.S., 2017. An institution-based view of global IPR History.Journal of International Business Studies, pp.1-15. Sandberg, S., 2014. Experiential knowledge antecedents of the SME network node configuration in emerging market business networks.International Business Review,23(1), pp.20-29. Young, S.L. and Makhija, M.V., 2014. Firms corporate social responsibility behavior: An integration of institutional and profit maximization approaches.Journal of International Business Studies,45(6), pp.670-698. Zhang, S.S., van Doorn, J. and Leeflang, P.S., 2014. Does the importance of value, brand and relationship equity for customer loyalty differ between Eastern and Western cultures?.International Business Review,23(1), pp.284-292.

The Japanese Katana and The Espada Ropera Essay Example

The Japanese Katana and The Espada Ropera Essay There have been many legends about the Japanese sword known as a Katana. This sword is considered to be the best made, the best in combat and the best sword for anyone to wield in the field of battle. Although I agree that this sword is quite legendary and amazing, I have found another sword that in comparison is an even more superior weapon. This sword is known as the Espada Ropera (Spanish rapier) and was used in the 1600s, during the same period as its competitor the Katana. The reasons why the Espada Ropera is superior to the katana is that it has better craftsmanship, more combat advantages and more availability to the common soldier so that he may wield it on the battlefield without the problem of paying a large sum. Swords do not become legends from their service, but rather from their creation, for blades such as the Espada Ropera and the Katana were both works of art and expert craftsmanship. The Katana was forged by using high-grade steel in a blast furnace which was then folded onto one edge over and over again to make it as sharp as possible while the other edge was layered with cobalt so that it would not rust since it was not to be used in combat. The Katana also had a curved blade so that it could be faster in combat and on the draw out of the scabbard. Lastly, the Katana itself with the blade and all weighed at about 2.86 pounds. Although this may sound like the superior blade, it is not the case. The Espada Ropera was forged with high-grade steel, which was then heated and pounded into a thin double-edged blade as sharp as a shaving razor. The blade itself was long and straight and had a bit of flex so that it could slightly bend with the strike, causing it to have an even more deadly strike. Also, the entire sword only weighed 2. 2 pounds which is, although not by much, is lighter than the Katana giving it a slight edge in speed. We will write a custom essay sample on The Japanese Katana and The Espada Ropera specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Japanese Katana and The Espada Ropera specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Japanese Katana and The Espada Ropera specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is said that the Katana’s greatest combat advantage is that the curve in the blad

Nietzsches rejection of traditional morality Essays

Nietzsches rejection of traditional morality Essays Nietzsches rejection of traditional morality Paper Nietzsches rejection of traditional morality Paper He said that people should struggle and work hard In order to assist the society. Leading people who are uncritical and comfortable make leaders to rule undemocratically without fighting for the rights of the people they lead. Caruthers was very hypocritical of leading such people since It allows leaders to rule authoritatively. Do you think there Is a morality of resentment In our society? If so, how has It affected the relationship between leaders and followers? Yes, there is a morality of resentment in our society. Resentment appears to have been provided us by the nature for defense and defense only. It is the protection of justice as well as security of the innocence. It prompts to beat off any mischief that is attempted to be done to people and also retaliates any mischief that is already done. As a result, the offender is compelled to repent of his or her injustices through the fear of being punished. Therefore, resentment has ensured the relationship between leaders and followers within the society is smooth. This is mainly due to the fact that followers will fear that any wrong doings might subject hem to harsh punishments from leaders (Barrow 405). On the other hand, the leaders will be free to execute their duties freely without fear of factorization since they know that everything that they do is as per the established laws and regulations of the land. Therefore, resentment must not be kept aside for wrong doings nor can the followers ever move together when the pressure is too much. Beyond Good and EVil In your own words characterize what Nietzsche calls slave morality and the master morality Nietzsche calls slave morality as basically reactive and negative since it originated in denial of anything that is distinct from it. As a result, it appears outward and therefore Nietzsche said no to any of the aggressive outside forces that oppress and oppose it. On the other hand, Nietzsche calls master morality that It only concerns itself extremely serious with everything that Is outside of It. For Instance, the bad and the low is a late addition and are perceived only as the contrast that shows up more powerfully (Nietzsche 307). Therefore, according to Nietzsche, she observes that whereas both master and slave morality can constitute the formation of the truth, then the master morality does very little on It. Therefore, he sees that slave morality rendered people very dull and stupid In whatever they are doing. Nietzsche thinks that domination and exploitation of the weak by powerful Is a basic fact of all history. By assuming that this belief Is very true; would you actually consider the claim as legality of master morality? It may not claim as a substitute that we need to curd ten antagonistic Impulses Ana also Snell a ten weak: According to me, I would not consider this an argument for the validity of the master morality. This is mainly due to the fact that it disparages slave morality to favor the master morality. Whereas it appears that Nietzsche preferred the barbarians blonde beast to the contemporary Europeans, it is very precise that the ideal is very much far away from the master morality. This is due to the fact that its alignment with the master morality is not consistent with the argument that she never aligned herself with any type of moral systems (Nietzsche 564). Therefore, someone might make an argument that we need to curb our aggressive impulses so as to protect the weak. This is the only way to ensure the validity of the master morality. How much truth do you get in the categorization of Jude-Christian ethic by Nietzsche as a slave morality? There is no truth from Nietzsche characterization of the Jude-Christian ethic as a slave morality. This is due to the fact that slave morality is mainly based on the resentment that is felt towards the big masters and therefore, the world has yielded to the slave moralities that are known as the masters of history. Therefore, he is not right when he said that morality of the paltry people.

Doritos Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Doritos - Essay Example randpa is absent is not a cause for joy but his reappearance is a desirable effect by the grandson ("Doritos Healing Grandpa super bowl commercial 2011," n.d.). There need here is to have grandpa so that life can be enjoyable. Step three concerns provision of a solution (Venette, 1993). In this case, Doritos is the solution. At the end when grandpa comes back to life, he can be seen with Doritos. It is after his ashes are released from the urn and the presence of Doritos in the room that makes him come back to life. Visualizing what satisfaction will mean forms the fourth step. The Doritos advert aims to convince the audience that Doritos are that good to cause one to come back to life just to have some more. This advert shows a positive future, full of enjoyment from Doritos consumption. The final process about getting the audience to take action is paramount. That is the whole reason for making the advertisement in the first place. This involves buying the Doritos and eating them. At the end of the advertisement, everyone one is convinced that Doritos are the real deal due to their enticing

Government intervention in the market for raisins Assignment

Government intervention in the market for raisins - Assignment Example Producers of specialty crops like raisin in California structured themselves into marketing associations. This essay paper will look into the broad subject relating with marketing orders, and narrow down into marketing order for raisins in the US. Discussion In 1949, following twenty years of ceaseless agitation, discouragement, bitter struggle, pools, forced combinations and raisin exchanges, raisin growers from California voted to come up with a federal marketing order based on the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1937. Critical components of this marketing order have brought a number of economic impacts, a program of price discrimination and a program of supply control. The Agriculture Secretary, in line with the provisions of the law, issues and carries out amendments on the same from time to time. Such orders are intended to regulate handling of specified agricultural commodities in line with the legal framework in place (Clary 23). A board that consists of growers and packers, cal led Raisin Administrative Committee (RAC) is bestowed with the mandate of watching over the marketing order. RAC is a federal marketing order which is led by packers, 47 growers and a public member. This authority is directly supervised by the United States Department of Agriculture which was established in 1949 due to the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937. ... isin growers have brought complaint regarding Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937 which empowers government to confiscate some portion of the yearly raisin crop, the initiative which, for instance, saw 47% being confiscated in 2003 and 30% in 2004. Farmers who don’t cooperate in surrendering their raisins are penalized. The amount that should be surrendered to the government is based on the annual production volume and other factors like production by competing countries. Taxpayers are not left out in analysis of the potential effects of this surrender. The surrender minimizes the available share of raisin supply which in return causes the consumers of the product to buy it at higher prices. RAC does not pay any consideration to farmers upon expropriations. Actually much of the raisin is given away and others sold for export at low prices. It is only after it has covered its costs that the remaining profits, if any, are given to the farmers. Farmers who disregard this marketing order are fined. Raisin is not the only fruit that is federally regulated. In total, close to thirty products are subject to the ‘marketing orders’, overseeing of which is conducted by the Department of Agriculture. In other products like milk, the system of Federal Milk Marketing Order does set the lowest prices for milk and milk products. Farmers, if they were given an opportunity, would vote in abolishment of the marketing order rule. It is plain that the pronouncements of this rule have economically affected them. It is rational to produce more and reap more from the same but if the rule denies farmers of reaping what they have produced and unfairly handing the same to government, which is seen as wasteful decision (Agriculture.). On the other hand, farmers can still vote for

The relationships between prison inmates and correction officers in Essay

The relationships between prison inmates and correction officers in regaurds to violence - Essay Example The workshops are managed by inmate trainers, but with the support and involvement of outside volunteer co-trainers. AVP workshops are typically two or three days in length, depending on the specific module. Both inmates, as well as outside trainers are volunteers, their qualifications being completion of all AVP modules in addition to the "train-the-trainer" workshop. Participants start with the basic workshop, progress to the advanced, and from there to the adjunct modules which include Bias Awareness and Manly Awareness. The ethnographic study, completed in May of 2001 (Sloane 2001), suggested that AVP participants' behaviors were modified by their involvement in these workshops. Prisons are essentially closed institutions. To all but the state employees who work in them, the prisoners confined in them and the officials who are permitted access, prisons are generally hidden from public view. Under special authority extended to the Correctional Association since 1846, members of its Prison Visiting Committee can enter prisons, interview inmates and staff, and communicate their findings and recommendations to state policymakers and the public. While the Correctional Association does not have authority to mandate change, it uses its knowledge of prison operations to advocate for reform to those who do have that authority. Based on observations of the Correctional Association's Prison Visiting Committee from visits to 25 state correctional facilities conducted between March 1998 and October 2001, key problems and areas for reform based on conversations with hundreds of inmates and correctional staff are mentioned here and/or described in the individual prison reports: - Youth Assistance Programs in which inmates and correction staff volunteer as counselors to at-risk youth from the community; - The "Puppies Behind Bars" program, where inmates train puppies to become seeing-eye dogs; - The piloting of an in-cell substance abuse treatment program for inmates in disciplinary confinement; - Mandatory academic programming for inmates who read and/or have a math score below the ninth-grade level; - Parenting programs featuring structured groups and parenting education classes; - Family visitor centers at 36 facilities to provide inmate family members with a place to refresh themselves prior to entering the prison; - The installation of Automatic Electronic Defibrillators in every state correctional facility; - Aggression Replacement Therapy provided by trained inmate facilitators to help prisoners identify and control aggressive behavior; and - Earned Eligibility and Merit Time programs, which reward certain nonviolent offenders who meet various program requirements with the possibility of early release. Motivation levels at the start of the workshops

Article Discourse Analysis: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

Article Discourse Analysis: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict A Critical Discourse Analysis of an article on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict With increasing global media synergies, media studies seems to be gaining popularity in academia. One part of this discipline involves the close examination of media texts, be they written, spoken, or symbolic. To analyse texts linguistically, two dimensions are often considered: that of coherence, involving semantics or the construction of meaning, and that of cohesion, or syntax. This analysis can be done through various types of frameworks, including grounded theory, narrative semiotics, conversation analysis, and critical discourse analysis (CDA). According to Barthes (1994), texts are always multi-dimensional and their meanings are uncovered differently depending on the reader, context and setting. Particularly in the media, they are interconnected to other texts, through means such as quotations, indirect or direct references, photos or historical facts; thus, it could be said that the media produce and reproduce not only texts, but from these, social meaning, which is then further reinforced through subsequent intertextuality (Ibid). Baudrillard (2000) adds that language itself is not necessarily powerful; what makes it more so is its use by powerful people—in today’s society, this being epitomised by the globalised media. Critical discourse analysis is also sometimes referred to as critical linguistics (Wodak and Busch, 2004). Its roots lie in classical rhetoric, sociolinguistics and applied linguistics, and it is often used to illustrate the relationships that power, hierarchy, race and gender have with language (Fairclough, 1995). CDA is especially used today by academics that regard the discursive unit of a text to be one of the most basic units of communication. In fact, it is so widely used within scholarly environments that its legitimacy as a tool for examining power imbalances has been called into question by some, such as Billing (Wodak and Busch, 2004). He claims that because CDA has become so entrenched in academic discourses, it is thus subject to the same rituals and jargon as institutionalized knowledge, thus negating its potential to demystify the functions and intentions of CDA research. While these points are interesting and worthy of further exploration, the scope of this paper will not allow such examination, and furthermore, the assumptions of this paper are that CDA does, in fact, provide useful tools for critical analysis of media texts. Thus, this paper will apply CDA to one article by Rory McCarthy in the Guardian newspaper, dated Wednesday, December 12th, 2007. CDA will be employed to illustrate overt and underlying assumptions and beliefs, as well as the construction of social meaning. Wodak and Busch (2004) claim that all texts can help reproduce and produce unequal relationships in power between men and women, racial groups, social classes, ethnicities, and nations. This can be done through the creation of the Other, which involves the textual representation of a group as being ‘perpetrators and agents’ operating outside the law (Ibid, p. 99). They further claim that after the terrorist attacks of September 11, anti-Islamic prejudices became more pronounced in the media, which characterizes Muslims in anonymous and criminal terms (Ibid). Additionally, ‘strategies of generalization, blaming the victim, and victim-perpetrator reversal are increasingly prominent’ (Ibid, p.100). Analysing the text in the Guardian, these strategies do indeed seem to be in place. For example, actions attributed to Palestinians in the article often involved negative activities, whereas verbs related to the Israelis were more neutral: Palestinian actions: firing rockets, accused, complained, fired back, were detained, were reported, appeared to be Israeli actions: mounted an incursion, said, issue tenders for It is only when the voice of the article shifts from the writer to a direct quote from a Palestinian official that any harsher activities are attributed to the Israelis: sabotage, place obstacles The first sentence of the article is also interesting: Israeli troops in tanks and armoured vehicles mounted an incursion into Gaza yesterday, killing at least six Palestinians†¦.As many as 30 tanks and vehicles were involved in the operation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Although the facts in the article imply that the Israeli army killed several Palestinians, it is important to note the syntax of the sentence removes direct responsibility from the army and pins it on ‘the incursion’. What is more, semantically, Israeli activity is never referred to as an ‘invasion’ or an ‘attack’ but is referred to as a mere ‘incursion’ or ‘operation’, or in the title, ‘Israeli tanks enter Gaza’. The Israelis have neutral ‘troops’ which are seeking ‘members of Islamic Jihad’ ‘a hardline Palestinian militant group’ or ‘Palestinian fighters’. These phrases imply that Palestinians are the only ones operating outside the law. Although it is clear from the facts stated in the article that Israel is the aggressor in this particular case: (tanks enter Gaza, killing at least six Palestinian militants) the writer felt it was necessary to include the feeble reaction of the Palestinians to this ‘incursion’ even though no Israelis were killed or even injured by the Palestinian action: ‘Palestinian fighters fired back’. This structure implies a fair battle, although it is abundantly clear that Israel is the only party here with fierce military power. The body count is kept low in the piece, which claims ‘at least six Palestinian militants’ were killed, rather than emphasizing a larger number, such as ‘about ten’ or even ‘half a dozen’ even though it seems certain that more than six were killed. Importantly, only the deaths of the ‘militants’ are mentioned here: it could be quite possible, then, that several hundred civilians were also killed. Although ‘as many as 30 tanks and vehicles’ seems a high number, the fact that these machines, and not people, were semantically involved in the invasion diminishes personal, human responsibility for the invasion and deaths. The sentence: ‘most of the dead appeared to be members of Islamic Jihad†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ only slightly suggests the possibility that ‘innocent civilians’ were also killed in the attack, and the words ‘appeared to be’ mean that there was no firm confirmation that the dead were, in fact, members of Islamic Jihad. ‘Several Palestinians were reported injured’ is another vague sentence which refuses to offer quantitative data regarding how many were injured, or give information about who, exactly, gave this report, which makes it sound dubious. The simple use of Palestinians is also vague and fails to clearly state the possible injury of ‘innocent civilians’. The situatedness of this text historically and politically supports Barthe’s claim that social meaning is reinforced through intertextuality. There is no mention or even implication that the Palestinians are, in fact, fighting to free their homeland from an illegal oppressor, and there is also no overt mention of the illegitimacy and illegality of Israel’s acts: for example, by choosing the word ‘settlement’ in the sentence: ‘†¦an Israeli decision†¦to issue tenders for more than 300 houses in the East Jerusalem settlement of Har Homa’ allows for a form of Israeli ‘newspeak’ to whitewash what is essentially an illegal occupation that has destroyed the natural environment of the Abu Ghneim forest and stolen more land from the Palestinians (poica.org) . Moreover, there is no mention of how Israel has repeatedly been condemned by the United Nations for its illegal ‘settlements’ such as that in Har Homa (Ibid). In fact, after reading such an article as the one in the Guardian, readers could well be left wondering just why the Palestinians have been ‘firing rockets’ or why they have been ‘detained’ or have become ‘militants’, although the article makes Israeli grievances easier to understand by employing the very lexis just mentioned previously (as well as: Islamic Jihad, accuse, complain). Thus, victim-perpetrator relationships are skewed by the semantics and syntax used in the article. There is no doubt that Israel is an oppressive power and disturbing presence in the Middle East, yet it is rarely portrayed as such in the media. There could be several reasons for this, but one may reside in Foucault’s notion of discourse, which states that discourse is an institutionalized way of thinking about something, or in other words, it defines the limits of what constitutes acceptable speech on a topic. Discourse is thus related to power, and defining discourses are often taken to be defining of reality itself (Foucault, 1997). Wodak and Busch (2004) state that the dominant discourse on Israel generally supports this state, possibly as a kind of backlash after the blatantly anti-Semetic propaganda that was once so common in Europe before and during the Second World War, but also because power relationships have shifted: Israel is a key ally to the most powerful nations in the world, including the United Kingdom and the United States, and as mentioned by Baudrillard (2000), the powerful use language to keep power structures intact. The final sentence of the article illustrates this point well: Although Israeli and Palestinian leaders and negotiators have been meeting regularly for months, today’s meeting marks the beginning of talks intended eventually to bring the creation of an independent Palestinian state. This paragraph implies that talks to create a Palestinian state are just beginning, and that a Palestinian state could possibly be created for the first time. Both of these assumptions are erroneous. Without delving too deeply in the politics of the Middle East, it is generally known by most that shortly after Israel’s inception, talks to negotiate Arab/Jewish territory have gone on almost continually. Secondly, in 1919 Palestine was provisionally recognized as an independent nation by the League of Nations in League Covenant Article 22(4) as well as by the 1922 Mandate for Palestine that was awarded to Great Britain. This recognition continues today due to the conservatory clause found in Article 80(1) of the United Nations Charter (Boyle, ) . Thus, ‘the creation of an independent Palestinian state’ negates the fact that such a nation has already existed. Incidentally, legally, Israel does not have fixed and permanent borders (except most recently with respect to Egypt) and yet it is generally considered by the media to be a legitimate state (Ibid). What is important to note here is that history is practically being rewritten in the Guardian text. Van Djik’s (1990) explanation as to how this is possible is closely connected to Barthes (1994) and Baudrillard’s (2000) ideas mentioned above. He claims that journalists and media consumers own ‘mental models of the world’ and thus any text that is understood contains only the ‘tip of an iceberg of information’ (Ibid, p.6). The tip is expressed through syntax and semiotics, but the rest is assumed to be supplied by the underlying knowledge of previous texts. For this reason, Van Djik states that ‘the analysis of the implicit†¦is very useful in the study of underlying ideologies’ (Ibid, p.6). In conclusion, this paper has illustrated how critical discourse analysis can be a useful tool for unearthing implicit meanings in text, through the analysis of syntax, semiotics, and assumptions implicit through intertextuality. Furthermore, it has given examples of how current discourses of power can influence the content of media texts. There is no doubt that after several years of exposure to standard news formats, broadcasters and audiences alike are prone to overlooking the covert messages in news content. For this reason, a critical perspective is certainly important, and furthermore, if news texts are assumed to be a system of encoding reality, then the agendas of the encoders must be understood before a thorough deconstruction of their messages can be possible. Appendix 1 Israel tanks enter Gaza on eve of peace talks Rory McCarthy, Jerusalem Israeli troops in tanks and armoured vehicles mounted an incursion into Gaza yesterday, killing at least six Palestinian militants on the eve of a new round of peace talks. As many as 30 tanks and vehicles were involved in the operation in southern Gaza, near the Sufa crossing and close to the town of Khan Yunnis. Several Palestinians were reported injured. The Israeli military said it was a routine operation against militants, but Palestinian officials accused Israel of trying to disrupt the peace talks. Israeli and Palestinian negotiators were to meet today at the King David hotel in Jerusalem to start a new process of talks in the wake of the Middle East conference in Annapolis late last month. Palestinian officials have already complained about an Israeli decision last week to issue tenders for more than 300 houses in the East Jerusalem settlement of Har Homa. ‘The Israeli policy of escalation aims to sabotage and place obstacles before the negotiations even before they start,’ said Nabil Abu Rdeneh, a spokesman for the Palestinian president, Mahmoud Abbas. Most of the dead appeared to be members of Islamic Jihad, a small but hardline Palestinian militant group which ahs been responsible for firing makeshift rockets from Gaza into Israel. Around 60 Palestinians were detained in what was the largest Israeli operation in months. Palestinian fighters fired back and hit one Israeli tank. Although Israeli and Palestinian leaders and negotiators have been meeting regularly for months, today’s meeting marks the beginning of talks intended to eventually bring the creation of an independent Palestinian state. References Barthes, R, (1994) Mythologies, Hill and Wang, London Baudrillard, J, (2000), Routledge Critical Thinkers, Routledge Publishing, London Boyle, F, (2007) Elements of Palestinian Statehood, in The European Journal of International Law, Vol.18 No 3 Fairclough, N (1995) Critical Discourse Analysis, Longman, Harlow. Foucault, M (1997) The Politics of Truth, Semiotext(e), France McCarthy, R, Israel tanks enter Gaza on eve of peace talks, in the Guardian, December 12, 2007 Van Djik, T. A. (1990). Discourse Society, in Van Djik, T. A (ed.), (2007) A New Journal for a New Research Focus, Volume 18 No 2, Sage Publications, London Wodak, R and Busch, B, (2004) Approaches to Media Studies, in Downing, J, The Sage Handbook of Media Studies, Sage, London http://www.poica.org/editor/case_studies/view.php?recordID=1207

Threatening Relationships in Carver’s Cathedral Essay -- Carver Cathed

Threatening Relationships in Carver’s Cathedral  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Although many critics have written numerous accounts of Richard Carver’s "Cathedral" as being about revelation and overcoming prejudice, they have overlooked a very significant aspect: the unfolding of marital drama. The story tells of how a close outside friendship can threaten marriage by provoking insecurities, creating feelings of invasion of privacy, and aggravating communication barriers. The close outside friendship between the narrator’s wife and Robert, the blind man, provokes the narrator’s insecurities. This friendship has lasted for ten long years. During those years, they have exchanged countless voice tapes wherein they both tell each other what has happened in their respective lives. Because of this, the narrator feels that his wife has told Robert more than Robert needs to know. The narrator laments, "she told him everything or so it seemed to me" (1054). The narrator’s fear is somehow confirmed when Robert arrives and says that he feels like they have already met (1055). The narrator is left wondering what his wife has disclosed. This murky situation leaves the narrator feeling insecure, especially when he sees the warm interaction between his wife and Robert. The narrator’s insecurities unfold when it takes him almost five pages just to demonstrate how close the friendship is between his wife and Robert. It is as though he is justifying his irrational behavior or perhaps questioning if his wife could be secretly in love with Robert. The narrator assumes this because his wife only writes poems if something really important happens to her. He recalls that his wife never forgot that instant when Robert "touched his fingers to every part of her face... ...m. Ed. Thomas Volteler. Detroit: Gale Research, 1989. 23-28. Carver, Raymond. "Cathedral." The Harper Anthology of Fiction. Ed. Sylvan Barnet. New York: HarperCollins, 1991. 1052-1062. Eder, Richard. "Pain on the Face of Middle America." Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Daniel G. Marowski. Detroit: Gale Research Publishing, Inc., 1986. 103. Works Consulted Robinson, Marilynne. " Marriage and other Astonishing Bonds." Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Roger Matuz. Detroit: Gale Publishing Inc., 1989. 276-278. Weele, Michael Vander. "Raymond Carver and the language of Desire." Short Story Criticism. Ed. Thomas Volteler. Detroit: Gale Publishing Inc., 1989. 36-41. Yardley, Jonathan. " Raymond Carver’s American Dreamers." Contemporary Literary Criticism. Eds. Daniel Marowski and Roger Matuz. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1989. 63.      

Of Mice And Men coursework (Theme Of Loneliness And Friendship) Essay

Consider the theme of loneliness in ‘Of Mice and Men’. How does it affect the friendships and relationships in the novel? This novel was written by John Steinbeck which was set in the 1930s in Salinas Soledad which is in California. The novel consists of many historical factors which have affected the characters in this novel and one of them includes, â€Å"The great depression† Which leads the novels inspiration for the famous writer John Steinbeck which he mainly based on his own experience. In those days people travelled a lot differently to how we travel now. In those days migrant workers travelled extravagant distances looking for a job. There are many different themes in which are based throughout the whole book, such as loneliness, happiness, nature, dreams and reality: – Which even lead to catastrophe. Many of the people in this novel have very lonely lives mainly because they are migrant workers and as we know they don’t have time to make an y friends or have any time to spend with their families. There are many characters that are lonely due to age, sex, and race. Two good examples would be Candy because of his age and Crooks because of his race. This novel consists of two main characters George and Lennie, who are an anomalous pair of migrant workers that look after each other. They are completely the reverse of each other. George is the one who has the communicative face and thinks of all of their problems and ideas and tells the other one what to do. Being like this all of the time, in what ever the story it is, always pictures that you would be the small quick one with sharp features. Lennie is the guy that is tall and always does what he is told and has an ill-defined, solid, and powerful body and does not know his own strength. Steinbeck describes him as the one with no shape in his face and his body. Lennie drags his feet when he walks and acts like an animal. In the descriptions of these two men their appearance is completely different. George dresses neat and tidy, while Lennie dresses very scruffy. Just by the description of George and Lennie, you can clearly see that Lennie is the child out of the two men, as you can tell how he talks and acts around George and throughout the whole book. Being a man Lennie lacks a lot of language, which I think that he never attended a lot of school. Examples â€Å"look George, look what I done!† this is immature language. This kind of behaviour makes George the father type figure, so he would be the defender. John Steinbeck relates to Lennie, in the theme of nature, by describing his walk, and some of the things he does in relation to the animals like the way he drinks from the lake as Steinbeck describes him as a horse that puts its whole head into the water and slurps. This links in to the theme of natures, because of the use of animal descriptions that Steinbeck uses throughout the book, which is very important to this novel because in the beginning of the book, Nature was introduced straight away. Steinbeck’s describes the surroundings in such detail, that he uses a whole page to describe the forest (which is in the beginning of the book) which gives the readers a good imaginative view of what Steinbeck is writing. George and Lennie have an abnormal relationship. They are two friends, one needs the other more .George often gets very frustrated towards Lennie, which also shows that George cares. George loves Lennie very much and will always be a friend to him and so does Lennie. Lennie could not live without him because George does everything for him. Between George and Lennie, George is the one that is mainly in control, he cooks, finds them jobs finds them a place to sleep and because of this, they always travel together, where one goes, the other one follows like a duck and her ducklings. George travels with Lennie because Lennie would not be able to survive on his own. These two men share the same dreams but George knows in reality, it is not going to happen. Later on in the story Candy has now been introduced to the book as the old swapper. He is tall, stooped shoulders and has white whiskers. When you first see him, he is very friendly, although he is a little weary of newcomers. His only friend is his dog that he has had since he was a little boy which symbolises that he is very lonely which refers to the theme of loneliness. When he gets to know people, he begins to trust them; he opens up and strikes a conversation with his new friends just as he did with Lennie. A little further on in the story as they become very close together and even share each others dream. In the future he looses both his dog and Lennie and can’t really prevent Lennie’s death but tries to prevent his dog’s death, but this fails. This shatters Candy’s dreams because he cannot share his dream with his long companion. In Chapter 4, Crooks is introduced. He is the only coloured (black) person on the ranch and this is where the theme of loneliness comes into play. Crooks is a stable buck. He has a crooked spine, and his eyes lay deep in his head, he is lined with deep black wrinkles and has thin tightened lips. Again relating to the theme of loneliness, Crooks lives by himself in a shed because he is the only Black man, this is why he can afford to leave all of his belongings lying around. He has got his own collection of items like books, shoes and his own copy for the California civil code which indicates that he knows his rights and does not want to be taken advantage of. Eventually Crooks and Lennie are talking about if Lennie could live without George and about crook’s childhood explaining why his father never let him play with other kids and why he is so lonely. When he is speaking with Lennie about his childhood, he is speaking like it is still happening or it has recently happened. This is a very similar story to his life at that present time. Being the only coloured man, Crooks is treated as an outcast, as racism was very high in those days which forces him to spend his time reading while the others are playing card games. Crooks become very bitter due to the fact that everyone ill treats him which makes him feel hurt. In the next chapter Curley is introduced to the story. He is the boss’s son, he has a wife, she has dark hair that reaches down to her shoulders, her eyes are quiet close together and has pink small lips with very pale skin. The book does not mention anything about her name which suggests that she does not know who her parents are and does not have an identity. She behaves like she is not Curley’s wife and that she is single so she flirts with a lot of the men behind Curly’s back. She would say things like â€Å"now that we’re alone what do you want to do†. To try and tempt the man. In doing this, all the men try as hard as they can to stay away from her because they know that she is trouble and know how Curley feels about his wife. Curley’s wife does this because she wants attention, again, related to the theme of loneliness. All the farmers speak really bad of her because of her being flirtatious they also are frightened to talk to her because they fear Curley, and he would think that something is going on; plus he has the authority to get them fired or to shoot them. She married Curly to get some sort of status and to have an identity but she never liked him anyway. When she describes her life on the ranch, she says that her life is boring, that no one pays any attention to her and that she gets treated like a little girl. Curley’s wife often dreams about herself becoming an actress. At the end of the novel, her loneliness causes Lennie’s death. Before Lennie’s death, Curley’s wife and Lennie were talking in the barn whilst everyone else was playing games. They began talking to each other about each others dreams. They both talked about each others dreams and what they wanted to do in their life. Lennie has a fascination of stroking things. He was stroking Curley’s wife’s hair, he began to stroke her hair so hard, that he lost control and broke her neck. This has a big impact on George, Lennie and Candy’s relationship, as Curley wants to kill Lennie. As a result to this, George has to kill Lennie before he gets killed by Curly. Loneliness will always end in tragedy and dreams will rarely become reality. True Friendship never ends.

Finding a Job for English Learners

Finding a Job for English Learners Understanding your potential employer can help you get the job you are looking for. This section focuses on developing interviewing skills that will help you prepare for a job interview in an English speaking country. The Personnel Department The personnel department is responsible for hiring the best possible candidate for an open position. Often hundreds of applicants apply for an open position. In order to save time, the personnel department often uses a number of methods to select applicants who they would like to interview. Your cover letter and resume must be perfect in order to ensure that you will not be looked over because of a minor mistake. This unit focuses on the various documents required for a successful job application, as well as interviewing techniques and appropriate vocabulary to use in your resume, cover letter and during the job interview itself. Finding a Job There are many ways to find a job. One of the most common is looking through the positions offered a section of your local newspaper. Here is an example of a typical job posting: Job Opening Due to the enormous success of Jeans and Co., we have a number of job openings for shop assistants and local management positions. Shop Assistant:  Successful candidates will have a high school degree with at least 3 years working experience and two current references. Desired qualifications include basic computer skills. Key responsibilities will include operating cash registers and providing customers with any help they may need. Management Positions:  Successful candidates will have a college degree in business administration and management experience. Desired qualifications include management experience in retail and thorough knowledge of Microsofts Office Suite. Responsibilities will include management of local branches with up to 10 employees. Willingness to move frequently also a plus. If you wish to apply for one of the above vacancies, please send a resume and cover letter to our personnel manager at: Jeans and Co.254 Main StreetSeattle, WA 98502 The Cover Letter The cover letter introduces your resume or CV when applying for a job interview. There a few important things that need to be included in the cover letter. Most importantly, the cover letter should point out why you are particularly suited to the position. The best way to do this is to take the job posting and point out the highlights in your resume that exactly match the desired qualifications. Here is an outline to writing a successful cover letter. To the right of the letter, look for important notes concerning the layout of the letter signaled by a number in parenthesis (). Peter Townsled35 Green Road (1)Spokane, WA 87954April 19, 200_ Mr. Frank Peterson, Personnel Manager (2)Jeans and Co.254 Main StreetSeattle, WA 98502 Dear Mr. Trimm: (3) (4) I am writing to you in response to your advertisement for a local branch manager, which appeared in the Seattle Times on Sunday, June 15. As you can see from my enclosed resume, my experience and qualifications match this positions requirements. (5) My current position managing the local branch of national shoe retailers has provided the opportunity to work in a high-pressure, team environment, where it is essential to be able to work closely with my colleagues in order to meet sales deadlines. In addition to my responsibilities as manager, I also developed time management tools for staff using Access and Excel from Microsofts Office Suite. (6) Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to the opportunity to personally discuss why I am particularly suited to this position. Please telephone me at after 4.00 p.m. to suggest a time that we may meet. I can also be reached by email at petertnet.com Sincerely, Peter Townsled Peter Townsled (7) Enclosure Notes Begin your cover letter by placing your address first, followed by the address of the company you are writing to.Use complete title and address; dont abbreviate.  Always make an effort to write directly to the person in charge of hiring.Opening paragraph - Use this paragraph to specify which job you are applying for, or if you are writing to inquire whether a job position is open, question the availability of an opening.Middle paragraph(s) - This section should be used to highlight your work experience which most closely matches the desired job requirements presented in the job opening advertisement. Do not simply restate what is contained in your resume. Notice how the example makes a special effort to show why the writer is especially suited to the job position opening posted above.Closing paragraph - Use the closing paragraph to ensure action on the part of the reader. One possibility is to ask for an interview appointment time. Make it easy for the personnel department to conta ct you by providing your telephone number and email address. Always sign letters. enclosure indicates that you are enclosing your resume. Finding a Job For ESL Learners Finding a Job - Writing a Cover LetterWriting Your ResumeThe Interview: BasicsExample Interview QuestionsListen to a Typical Job InterviewUseful Job Interview Vocabulary

How Fluoride Works to Prevent Tooth Decay

How Fluoride Works to Prevent Tooth Decay Fluoride is the fluorine ion added to toothpaste and dental rinses to help protect your teeth from cavities. While increasing the concentration of systemic fluoride (e.g., through fluoridating drinking water) has not been proven to reduce the incidence of tooth decay, direct contact between fluoride and teeth strengthens and helps remineralize damaged enamel. The Chemistry Behind Dental Health The calcium and phosphate compound which makes up tooth enamel is a modified form of hydroxyapatite, which is susceptible to attack by acids. Bacteria that thrive on the sugars found in the mouth multiply on dental surfaces and produce acids. Mechanical brushing of teeth dislodges these bacteria and rinses them away, but doesnt do anything to address the ongoing damage to enamel from acid exposure. Fortunately, saliva neutralizes these acids and teeth use compounds found in saliva to remineralize the enamel. So, as long as the rate of demineralization and the rate of remineralization remain in balance, teeth remain strong and healthy. When more minerals are lost from teeth than are replaced, dental caries or cavities form. Fluoride helps by interacting with hydroxyapatite to form a stronger compound that is less susceptible to acid attack. Also, fluoride remineralizes damaged enamel (though it cant fix a cavity once one has formed). There is some evidence fluoride may inhibit the growth of bacteria on teeth or limit their capacity for producing acid. Even though you spit out toothpaste and probably rinse your mouth, enough fluoride remains on your teeth and in your saliva to confer protection for a while after brushing your teeth or using a fluoridated rinse.

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Business and commercial awareness - Coursework Example One of the biggest stakeholders that view.com rely upon are its customers and by offering good DVD’s, its customers are entertained while the company makes profits (Bruce, 2005). Channel Islands are also stakeholders interested in View.com’s performance; this is because the island levies taxes on the company. Moreover, View.com has employed British citizens and this is helps in reducing unemployment levels in the UK. View.com has competitors who are also stakeholders since if view.com folds up its DVD business then the competitors are going to have an easy time in selling their merchandise (Crabb, 2007). d) Offering online videos at a discount for overseas and unreachable customers would help in increasing the DVD sales. Offering online videos would help on reducing postage stamps costs (Bradbury, 2005). e) By opening an online DVD sale system, movie previews can be availed to customers and this will help in increasing the sales for view.com. Moreover, view.com can make more money from adverts in the online website. The sales for view.com have reduced drastically over the last two years and this has been attributed to declining sales. However the costs of achieving the sales figures shown in the graph below have relatively the same. The new investment in the view.com must be higher than anticipated and it should reflect the sales for the year 2011. The new investment should be able to replace the sales and costs figures for 2011 and gradually grow in future periods. For the sales figures to be upbeat and good, view.com should be able to achieve figures of 300 and above so that the business can be competitive. The cost of running view.com should also be brought down to a level of around 150 for the business to become cost effective. It is important to understand the costs that are spent by view.com in its pursuit of achieving good profit margins in its business (Andersen, 2007). The levels of sales of DVD’s should be

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The Six Core Functions Performed by the Financial System - Essay Example The set of institutional arrangements for accomplishing this task is collectively known as the payments system. Banks and other depository financial intermediaries fulfill this function thru wire transfers, checking accounts, and credit cards. Function 2. Pooling Resources and Subdividing Shares The mechanism for the pooling of funds in a financial system is done so that it could undertake large-scale indivisible enterprise or for the subdividing of shares to form larger amounts of capital. In modern economies, the minimum investment required to start or maintain a business is often beyond the regular means of an individual or even several individuals. From the perspective of firms raising capital, the financial system provides a variety of mechanisms (such as security markets and financial intermediaries) through which individual households can pool their money to form larger amounts of capital. An interesting function of a financial system is its ability to transfer resources across time and space. Serving this function are intermediaries like banks involved in financing corporate investments and housing, insurance companies and pension funds in financing corporate investments and paying retirement annuities, and mutual funds. A well-functionin

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Interpreting the Phenomenology of Husserl Essay Phenomenology, at its very root had tried to provide us an alternative view, perspective and a method in acknowledging and knowing things. At the very core, Phenomenology tried to contrast the scientific disciplines and all other attempts that fell short in providing us a clear and concise knowledge of things. As stated in Husserl’s statement, â€Å"I exclude all sciences relating to this natural world no matter how firmly they stand†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Phenomenology is aiming for a new set of method aside from those introduced by sciences and even philosophy in knowing the things and concepts of the outside world. For this to be accomplished, Husserl and many other phenomenologists had tried to exclude the methods of science in their own methods. As stated, â€Å"†¦as it is presented in one of those sciences as a truth about actualities of this world. I must not accept such a proposition. † On this note, sciences are known for their sensual, (perception, auditory etc. ) inductive/deductive and generalizing tendencies of reasoning. Phenomenologists like Husserl undermine these kinds of method in discovering and knowing the objects of the world. Rather than using mere senses, rules of logic and generalization in describing the things and objects of the world, Phenomenologists had embraced a systematic subjective and relative approach in knowing the things and concepts of the world. Husserl argued that things and objects reveal themselves to us. Their characteristics and definitions can be revealed and known to us by experiencing them at its very core. The experience that they are talking about is a rich kind of experience that range from perception, cognition, volition etc. We can know things by experiencing them by their own and there is no need for us to ascribe and subscribe to the classic methods of production of knowledge like those we stated above. The phenomenologists embrace a very clear air of ‘non-judgmentalism’. They make sure that knowing and defining a particular object is not a result of a bias that is influenced by other experiences. The most important thing is to experience each thing by them alone. For Husserl, possessing such kind of mindset will enable the things and objects to reveal their selves to us for us to know and understand them. With this set of statement of Husserl, we can see and feel a great resentment of the classic and conventional way of knowing and defining things. The usual way of producing knowledge had produce numerous shortfalls and shortcomings that convinced Phenomenologists like Husserl to look back and pick their selves from scratch and start a new method that will really able to capture the definition and structure of things. This method of knowing had provided a new life and put back the importance to the subjective person who experiences the things and objects first hand rather than learning or reading it from someone else. Phenomenology of Husserl is a wave and school of thought in philosophy that attempted to rebuild the human experience and make it experience again in the very first place. Though sciences had produced us numerous innovations, we cannot simply deny its shortcomings. In this respect, this statement of Husserl is an attempt to go back there and know things as they are, as they reveals their selves to us. List of References Welton, Donn (1999) The Essential Husserl: Basic Writings in Transcendental Phenomenology. Indiana University Press [21 August 2010]

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Womens Pathways into Crime | Research Project EXPLORING WOMEN’S PATHWAYS INTO CRIME AT CHIKURUBI FEMALE PRISON WASHINGTON BONGANI NGULUBE Introduction The study of female crimes has been limited when compared to the study of male crimes. This research focuses on the why there has been an increase in women participating or committing criminal activities particularly armed robbery at Chikurubi Female Prison in Harare. This chapter will highlight the background to the topic of study and the reasons which prompted the researcher to purpose the research (statement of the problem). The chapter will also bring to light purpose of the study, research questions, and significance of the study. Assumptions, delimitations and limitations are eluded to in this chapter. Key terms which are significant to exploring women’s pathways into crime are also defined in this chapter. Background to the study There is a common perception that the criminal behaviour of women were not serious problems. Women are more likely to commit minor offenses and have historically constituted a very small proportion of the main population. But these facts mask a trend that is beginning to attract attention henceforth motivating the researcher to embark on the quest to get answers to these changes. The research seeks to give the reasons to why there has been an increase in women’s participation in criminal activities particularly armed robbery. The research will be conducted at Chikurubi Female Prison which is located in Harare, Zimbabwe. The student had the privilege to work at Parliament of Zimbabwe during the work related learning in 2013 and 2014. Henceforth the research study is a result of the student’s observations while working for the Parliament of Zimbabwe. The Women and Men in Zimbabwe periodic report in ZIMSTAT (2012) states that Zimbabwe has a population of approximately 12 973 808. Whereas, men constitute approximately 6 738 877 (48%) while women constitute 6 234 931 (52%). Harare is further evidenced as the Province with the largest population of 16.2 percent of the total population in Zimbabwe (ZIMSTAT, 2012). More so, the Women and Men in Zimbabwe periodic report in ZIMSTAT (2012) further brings to light that 48 percent of the female population is in the age group 15- 49. One would further argue that this is the reproductive age group among females. The drastic rise in women’s pathways into crime is fairly well known, less so is that the ranks of women crimes are increasing much faster than those of their male counterparts. However, there are no ready statistics but police and court cases show that the country now has a breed of female criminals, who are terrorizing the public and acting in cahoots with male accomplices. Women in Zimbabwe now have the dexterity to pinch from financial coffers, carry out highway robberies right up to raiding service stations while heavily armed to the teeth. About 3 499 people were kidnapped and robbed by pirate taxis and kombi drivers working in cahoots with female robbers countrywide last year (Butaumocho, 2014). Ibid further states that the situation is more pronounced in Harare where at least 1 200 cases of kidnapping and robberies by public transport drivers working in cahoots with female accomplices were recorded in the last quarter of 2013. One may argue that such cases of engaging in violent crimes like robbery have for long been considered a male domain because of the risks involved that include shoot outs and highway chases that may result in death. Women evidently are now participants of such criminal activities. The pace at which women are being convicted of serious offenses is picking up faster than the pace at which men are convicted. These dynamics motivated the student to embark into an academic research exploring the reasons to these changes (increase) between the period 2011 and 2014. ZIMSTA (2011) notes that 432 females were imprisoned during the 3rd quarter of 2011. The total number of prison admissions in the 3rd quarter of 2011 increased by 21 percent when compared to the 2nd quarter of 2011 while the number of new female prisoners increased by 10 percent in Zimbabwe. In comparison with the 4th quarter of 2012, a total 9 111 prisoners were admitted into prisons, consisting of 8 509 males and 602 females. ZIMSTA (2012) 4th quarterly report further reveals that female prisoners increased by 31 percent in the period under view. Harare province recorded to be having the highest number female prisoners indicating 155 prisoners. What animates the studies is not so much numbers of offenders but the particular circumstances of the women and girls â€Å"behind† the numbers. The involvement of women in robberies might be a fairly new phenomenon in Zimbabwe, the problem is being experienced in a number of countries across the globe. However, Harare as the capital city of Zimbabwe is evidently recording the highest female crime participation rate. Statement of the problem The student felt that there is a notable gap in literature and inadequate extensive research on the women’s pathways into crime in Zimbabwe. When a woman commits a crime, the usual explanation is that it is involuntary, defensive or a result of some mental illness or hormonal imbalance inherent in the female physiology. Engaging in violent crime for example, robbery has for long been considered a male domain because of the risks involved that include shoot outs and highway chases that may result in death. Zimbabwe seems to have recorded a disturbing increase in the involvement of woman in armed robberies, rape and other criminal activities in the past 3 years. There is no clear explanation for the increase of female robbers or participation of women in criminal activities. Could this be a result of women’s increased masculinity? Or the environment playing a significant influence on women’s participation into crime? Is it as a result of gender based violence? Such questions the research seeks to address in at Chikurubi Female Prison Significance of the study The study will shed light on what are the motivating factors which prompt the increase of women’s pathways into crime particularly in armed robbery. It is of paramount importance to assess the impact of the environment on the increase of women’s pathways into crime. The significance of the study to the: Government This research will be an eye opener for the Government and the Ministry of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs and other government parastatals (Police, correctional services) to come up with effective polices and interventions on improving social order and deal with these crimes. Communities This research will help other women to avoid the pathways into crime and will help understand why other women participate in criminal activities. Future researchers The increase of women’s pathways into crime is a serious national and community problem which has to be addressed and thoroughly researched on. This research will help future researchers come up with ways to understanding the factors behind the increased women’s pathways into crime. The researcher The research will benefit the researcher as he aspires to further his studies in forensic psychology. Therefore, in carrying out this research, the researcher will gain valuable insight and knowledge into the subjects as he also fulfils the requirements to obtain an Honours Degree in Psychology. Research questions The research was based on the following questions: What are the psychological factors contributing to women’s pathways into crime? What are the contribution of socio-economic factors leading to women’s pathways into crime? How does culture influence women’s pathways into crime? Assumptions The research was based on the assumption that: Women are weaker than men. Purpose of the study The sole purpose of the research was to investigate the mitigating factors to increase of women participation into crime particularly in armed robbery. The research used the results to implement effective ways to help women in prisons to recover and it will also help to understand why women commit such criminal offences. Delimitations of the study The study was confined to focusing on pathways into crime and having women prisoners as the research subjects. Limitations Disclosure The researcher encountered a challenge in gathering information regarding women’s involvement and participation in criminal activities at CFP as they considered the information to be highly sensitive. Obtaining information from the subjects may also be a challenge. Therefore, the researcher sought permission first from the Department of Prisons Services Headquarters. Data collection procedures Data can be unreliable in the event participants choose not to participate. The researcher used popcorns and chips as incentives in order to motivate participates of participate. Time and financial constraints This research was conducted concurrently with final year modules. Time to effectively cover all issues and aspects involved in carrying out a proper research was restricted. There were a lot of resources needed for printing, internet research, typing and travelling which also put strain on the available resources. Therefore, the researcher came up with a budget and time plan which guided the researcher in efficient time and resource allocation. Definition of terms Women These are adult female humans (Wehmier, 2005). Pathways These are plans along or a way of achieving something (Wehmier, 2005). Crime This refers to those activities which break the law of the land and are subject to official punishment (Haralambos,0000). Summary This chapter provided the background to the area of study as well as highlighting the statement of the problem. The significance of the study, assumptions, purpose of the study, limitations and delimitations have also been addressed. This chapter also outlined the research questions. More so, the relevant terms to the research have been defined. Case Study: Impact of Type 1 Diabetes Case Study: Impact of Type 1 Diabetes Title: Knowledge required for decision making in adult nursing Introduction. This essay is primarily about the impact of Type 1 diabetes on a particular patient. It will consider not only the relevance of Type 1 diabetes to the patient and how they coped with it, but, in this particular case, how they also dealt with the health deviation of the development of a particularly severe peripheral neuropathy and the impact that the latter had on both their quality of life and their lifestyle. It is notable that the development of this complication had an impact not only on the patient, but also on both the family and his other informal carers. There is no consent form for this essay as the patient’s details have been annonymised. Rationale for choice of client and the health deviation. (200 words ) This essay will consider the case of Mr. J who is a 54 yr old postman. He was found to have Type 1 diabetes four years ago which was promptly diagnosed and brought under control with Insulin. Over the last six months he had developed painful legs and feet. Initially he ignored this, putting it down to â€Å"just getting older† and â€Å"circulationâ€Å". It got progressively worse however, to the point that he could not work. He took early retirement, a move which he later regretted. He was diagnosed with peripheral diabetic neuropathy. It was notable that Mr. J initially presented as a particularly stoic individual who made light of every adversity. His subsequent development of the neuropathy and retirement seemed to generate a marked change in his approach to life. He became withdrawn and resentful and difficult to live with. This was a major factor in his treatment plan. My initial contact with Mr. J came in the context of a primary health care setting when he presented at the diabetic clinic for a follow up appointment. He appeared to be particularly negative about his condition and we got into a conversation. I became interested in his situation and followed him up in some detail. Pathophysiology of the health deviation and its effect on the client. ( 1400 words). This essay is primarily about Mr. J and his peripheral neuropathy. This section will begin however, with a brief overview of the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus There are two primary types of diabetes mellitus Types 1 and 2. Type 1 diabetes occurs when there is an autoimmune process which culminates in the destruction of the ß cells of the pancreas together with a consequent reduction in the amount of circulating Insulin produced. (Meigs, J.B et al. 2003). Type 2 diabetes occurs when the circulating levels of insulin are insufficient to effectively control the glucose levels within normal limits. In clinical terms, this results in a high blood sugar level in association with high levels of circulating Insulin. A number of studies have suggested that Type 2 diabetes accounts for more than 95% of all cases. (Narayan, K.M et al. 2003). In broad terms, the control of both types of diabetes mellitus requires rigorous attention to dietary intake of carbohydrates and calories and a controlled exercise regime. Type 1 diabetes is invariably treated with insulin and Type 2 diabetes may be controlled with diet alone (with or without weight loss) and the possibility of oral hypoglycaemic drugs. Peripheral diabetic neuropathy Peripheral diabetic neuropathy is a comparatively common complication of diabetes mellitus and some studies suggest that it can affect up to 50% of diabetic patients (viz. Boulton A J M et al. 2000). The development of the neuropathy is a feared complication as it is likely to predispose the patient to a number of sequelae including varying degrees of functional limitation together with the possibility of unremitting pain and motor unsteadiness. (Reiber G E et al. 1999). Its end stage sequelae include intractable diabetic foot ulceration and amputation. (Pecoraro R E et al. 2000). Virtually all of these elements are associated with very substantial health care costs, quite apart from major socio-economic consequences such as loss of work time and a reduced quality of life. (Rathman W et al. 2003) A number of studies (viz. Vileikyte L 1999 and Vileikyte L et al. 2005) have presented the association of peripheral diabetic neuropathy with depressive illness. This is clearly relevant to Mr. J in this case and therefore will be explored in some detail. The literature on the subject is contradictory with the meta-analysis by de Groot (de Groot M et al. 2001) finding little evidence to support the association. It is fair to comment that part of the reason for this apparent discrepancy may be due to the reason that there was a considerable variation in the techniques used to diagnose peripheral diabetic neuropathy which meant that different populations were included in different studies. (Boulton A J M et al. 1999) This comment is based on the discovery that different types of nerve fibre are affected in different types of peripheral diabetic neuropathy and in different individuals. It follows that more than one modality of testing is required to establish a diagnosis. A second factor is that the severity of the neuropathy, as determined by objective testing, actually correlates poorly with the subject’s assessment of their pain levels. Patients (such as Mr. J) who have high levels of perceived pain, may have remarkably preserved sensory function on clinical testing. Some authorities have argued that this may demonstrate a central processing component to the subjective appreciation of the pain from neuropathy. It is known that less that 10% of patients who have a peripheral diabetic neuropathy have severely painful symptoms and many experience no symptoms of pain at all. (Chan A W et al. 1999) The pathophysiology of peripheral diabetic neuropathy still remains unknown in any detail but there is evidence that metabolic and ischaemic components are implicated. (Leon C et al. 2007). Chronic hyperglycaemia is known to be associated with small blood vessel disease and therefore reduced blood flow to the nerves. It is also known to interfere with myoinositol, sorbitol and fructose metabolism, all of which are essential for nerve activity. (Dyck P J B et al. 2003) There is also thought to be a mechanism of oxidative stress that is important. Free oxygen radicals (produced in diabetes mellitus) activate protein kinase C which has been shown to produce damage to nerve cells. A number of papers show that there is a link between the degree of control of the diabetes mellitus, the length of time since diagnosis and the eventual development of peripheral diabetic neuropathy (viz. Pirart J 1977) Consider how this health deviation impacts upon the clients journey through health care. (500 words) In consideration of the specific case of Mr. J, one can note that his diabetes mellitus was diagnosed four years ago. He presented with the classic symptoms of suddenly feeling unwell, frequency of urination and increasing thirst (polyuria and polydypsia). He was correctly and promptly diagnosed by the GP and referred to the local diabetic clinic where he was swiftly brought under control with injected insulin. Mr. J proved to be a good patient. Considerations of empowerment and education of the patient paid dividends with Mr. J rapidly learning about his condition and he became very competent in managing it on a day to day basis, learning how to adjust the insulin doses himself. (Howe A et al. 2003). The impact of the development of his peripheral diabetic neuropathy cannot be overstated. It was responsible for his decision to retire early, a decision which he rapidly regretted. He became depressed and withdrawn, taking little pride in his appearance and less care with his glycaemic control. He was initially treated with anti depressants (with marginal success). At the time of writing he is undergoing a course of cognitive behaviour therapy to try to remedy the situation. His HbA1 levels, which were initially exemplary, became erratic and are only now coming back to normal levels. His peripheral diabetic neuropathy was diagnosed with the specialist using a number of diagnostic tools including electro-diagnostic studies (EDS), cardiovascular autonomic function testing (cAFT) together with physical examination scoring, quantitative sensory testing (QST) (Meijer J W G 2002) It is known that peripheral diabetic neuropathy is notoriously resistant to treatment. There are four basic elements: causal treatment aimed at (near)-normoglycemia, treatment based on pathogenetic mechanisms, symptomatic treatment avoidance of risk factors and complications. (CS 1998) At this time the only specific treatment licensed for peripheral diabetic neuropathy is alpha-lipoic acid. This may be assisted by specific analgesics such as duloxetine and pregabalin, otherwise treatment is symptomatic and the treatment of subsidiary factors (such as alcohol intake, hypertension, smoking and cholesterol control) to prevent a worsening of the condition. Potential influences of the health deviation on the long term well being of the client and family significant others. ( 600 words ) The impact of Mr. J’s condition on the life of the family has been considerable. All family members were very positive about his primary diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. His development of secondary conditions such as the peripheral diabetic neuropathy and the depression were far more challenging. Mrs J complained that he was difficult to live with, lost all interest in sexual matters, had poor self esteem and started to self neglect. The primary health care diabetic nurses spent as much time supporting (empowerment and education) Mrs J as they did Mr. J. It remains to be seen how Mr. J progresses with his cognitive behaviour therapy and his depression. Mrs J blames his early retirement on the development of his depression rather than the peripheral diabetic neuropathy. One can only hope that Mr. J does not progress to foot ulceration and a further reduction in his quality of life. Learning gained. (150) words. The research that I have done into this condition has given me a must more complete knowledge of the pathophysiology of peripheral diabetic neuropathy together with the treatment and support that is necessary for both the patient and his informal carers. It has become quite clear that it is simply not sufficient to control the diabetes mellitus, the patient and their extended family will need huge amounts of both information and support if their condition is to be optimally managed Specifically I have realised just how important it is to make a holistic assessment of the patient at the earliest opportunity, to gain an empathetic bond early on so that it becomes easier to identify problems at their earliest stage rather than waiting for the patient to present them at a stage when they are more difficult to manage. (Marinker M.1997) Conclusion (50 words) . This essay revolves around the appreciation of how difficult some patients find it to adapt to the illness role when they have been fit and active throughout their lives. It is one of the challenges of the good healthcare professional to understand and to pre-empt some of these adaptive processes to help their patients accommodate this transition. (Newell N et al. 1992). I believe that Mr. J has made some progress with dealing with his condition but there is clearly a long way yet for him to go. References Boulton A J M, Gries F A, Jervell J A: (1999) Guidelines for the diagnosis and outpatient management of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabet Med 15: 508 – 514, 1999 Boulton A J M, Malik R A, Arezzo J, Sosenko J M: (2000) Diabetic neuropathy: technical review. Diabetes Care 27: 1458 – 1487, 2000 Chan A W, MacFarlane I A, Bowsher D R: (1999) Chronic pain in patients with diabetes mellitus: comparison with non-diabetic population. Pain Clinics 3: 147 – 159, 1999 CS (1998) Consensus statement: Report and recommendations of the San Antonio conference on diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care 11: 592 – 597, 1998 de Groot M, Anderson R, Freedland K E, Clouse R E, Lustman P J: (2001) Association of depression and diabetes complications: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med 63: 619 – 630, 2001 Dyck P J B, Sinnreich M. (2003) Diabetic Neuropathies. Continuum 2003; 9: 19 – 34 Howe and Anderson (2003) Involving patients in medical education. BMJ, Aug 2003 ; 327 : 326 328. Leon C, Asif A (2007) Arteriovenous Access and Hand Pain: The Distal Hypoperfusion Ischemic Syndrome. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., January 1, 2007; 2 (1): 175 183. Marinker M. (1997) From compliance to concordance: achieving shared goals in medicine taking. BMJ 1997; 314: 747 – 8. Meigs, J. B. et al. (2003) . Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in the San Antonio Heart and Framingham Offspring Studies. Diabetes. 52 :: 2160 2167. Meijer J W G, Smit A J, van Sonderen E, Groothoff J W, Eisma W H, Links T P: (2002) Symptom scoring systems to diagnose distal polyneuropathy in diabetes: the Diabetic Neuropathy Symptom score. Diabet Med 19: 962 – 965, 2002 Narayan, K M., Boyle, J P., Thompson, T J., Sorensen, S W., and Williamson, D F. (2003). Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States. JAMA. 290 :: 1884 1890 Newell and Simon. (1992) Human Problem Solving. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs: 1992. Pecoraro R E, Reiber G E, Burgess E M: (2000) Pathways to diabetic limb amputation: basis for prevention. Diabetes Care 13: 513 – 521, 2000 Pirart J. (1977) Diabetes mellitus and its degenerative complications: a prospective study of 4400 patients observed between 1947 and 1973 (third and last part). Diabetes Metab 1977; 3: 245 – 56. Rathman W, Ward J: (2003) Socioeconomic aspects. In Textbook of Diabetic Neuropathy. Gries F A, Cameron N E, Low P A, Ziegler D, Eds. Stuttgart, Thieme, 2003, p. 361 – 372 Reiber G E, Vileikyte L, Lavery L, Boyko E M, Boulton A J M: (1999) Causal pathways for incident lower-extremity ulcers in patients with diabetes from two settings. Diabetes Care 22: 157 – 162, 1999 Vileikyte L: (1999) Psychological aspects of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabetes Rev 7: 387 – 394, 1999 Vileikyte L, Leventhal H, Gonzalez J S, Peyrot M et al. (2005) Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy and Depressive Symptoms. The association revisited. Diabetes Care 28: 2378 2383, 2005 ################################################################ 3.7.08 Word count 2,425 PDG